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Chapter One: Igcse Biology Ol

1. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be multicellular or unicellular. They lack chlorophyll and absorb nutrients from dead or living matter. Their structure consists of long, branching filaments called hyphae. 2. Plants are divided into kingdoms. Flowering plants are distinguished by their production of flowers and seeds. They have roots, stems, and leaves and can reproduce sexually. 3. The animal kingdom is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Mammals are distinguished by having hair and mammary glands. Birds lay eggs and have feathers while reptiles

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61 views

Chapter One: Igcse Biology Ol

1. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be multicellular or unicellular. They lack chlorophyll and absorb nutrients from dead or living matter. Their structure consists of long, branching filaments called hyphae. 2. Plants are divided into kingdoms. Flowering plants are distinguished by their production of flowers and seeds. They have roots, stems, and leaves and can reproduce sexually. 3. The animal kingdom is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Mammals are distinguished by having hair and mammary glands. Birds lay eggs and have feathers while reptiles

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samabdelaal2000
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IGCSE BIOLOGY OL

Chapter One

D
living organism
Kingdoms
Fungai, animals
& Plants

Dr. MOHAMED
SAMEH
Fungi are filamentous, eukaryotic multicellular (except
yeasts is unicellular).
. Examples : yeast, mushroom and bread mould
(mucor), mushroom……..

Fungi having the following characteristics:


1.Usually multicellular (Many celled)
2.Have nucleus
3.Have cell wall but not made from cellelose
4.Donot have chlorophyl
5.Some fungi are saprophytic (Obtain food from
dead while some are parasitic (Food from living
organisms).
Absorb food through diffusion
A fungus is made of Hyphae.
Each hypha is long tube, collectively
form Mycelium,
and form branches that can cover
many acres.

Hayph is long tube, may be


- One cell with many nuclei.
- Devided by septa to many parts.
- The tip is tapred, known as
eztension zone, as it is the site
of extension
Fungus has thin cell wall fron
chitin. Fungi never be motile,
has no flagella.

ot shape part tht anchor the fungus,


Horizontal hypha that connect
hyphae together

Grow from Stolon.


141
Kingdom plantae
General characteristics
PHAYLUM FLOWRING PLANTS
Characters:
       PHAYLUM FLOWRING PLANTS

Characters:-
the main features used in the classification of
Flowering
Plants
1-Have root, stem and leaf.
2-Autotrophic, by making their food by
photosynthesis.
3-Reproduce by asexual reproduction by
producing seeds, inside the ovary, inside
flower.
                          
Algae don’t have roots, stems or leaves. They live in water,
both in rivers and seas, and they are the simplest plants.

Mosses are also simple plants. They live on solid ground but
need a lot of humidity. They don’t have roots to absorb water
in the ground because they live in very humid and bleak
places.
Ferns are higher plants, and their body is divided into roots,
which is where they absorb water from the soil, stem, which is
where the water circulates, and leaves, (called fronds)
hat grow upwards from the stem
Do not produce flowers.
Reproduce by spores (on the under
surface of fronds.
the underside of the fronds.

Plants with roots, stems and


leaves (
Phanerogams, most common plants, because
they reproduce through their flowers.
They are higher plants and their bodies are
divided into roots, stem and leaves.
Trees are an example that belong to this
group.
KINGDOM ANEMILIA

General characters:
 Eukaryotic , Multicellular organisms ,
differentiated into tissues.
 Motile.
Have No cell wall, No chloroplast.
Heterotrophic organisms ( feed
on organic substances made by
other living organisms).

Mammals
VERTEBRAT

Fish
Amphibians
E

CLASSIFICATION
Birds
Reptiles
INVERTEBRAT
E
Amphibians

Have four limbs.


Have moist skin with fine capillaries for gaseous exchange (to help their
small lungs).
Have external ear drum for hearing.
Their eyes are protruded to be able to see while the body is submerged in
water.
Their nostrils (nasal openings) are found at the top of the head to be able
to breathe while
swimming in water.
They lay soft eggs in a jelly-like coat that hatch into tadpoles.
( The jelly is used to absorb water and swell to act as shock absorber )
The male has a dark region below the lower jaw, it is the site of the vocal
sac.
Their early stages( tadpoles) are adapted to life in water as follows:
- Have external gills for breathing.
- Have tails for swimming in water.
- Have stream- lined shape to decrease resistance of water.
Reptiles

*Have dry scaly skin to reduce water loss,


therefore they are able to live in dry places.
dichotomous keys

*Some of them such as crocodiles spend a lot of


time in water.

*Lay eggs with water-proof shells.

*Their ear drums are deep inside their heads.

*Most of them have four short weak limbs (snakes


have no limbs) therefore they slide along the
ground.

*The body is divided into head, neck ,trunk and tail.


FISH

Bony fish ( skeleton is made of Cartilaginous fish (skeleton is


bones) Non forked fin made of cartilages)

Have a stream-lined (fuse-form ) shape


To decrease resistance of water
Have lateral line for sensation.

Have gills. for breathing


Adaptation

5. Have different colours according to their environment

to hide from their enemies by camouflage.


BIRDS

CHARACTERISTICS&
ADAPTATION
Are covered with feathers which:
- act as an insulating layer
- decrease the density of the bird to help in flying.
- is covered with a waterproof oil in order not to absorb water.

Have beaks modified according to the type of food.


Their fore limbs are modified into wings.
Have tails to control their direction during flying.
Their ear drums are found deep in their heads.
Their females lay eggs with hard shells.
ARTHROPODE
S
Insects Arachnids

y is divided into three --Body is divided into two regions


(cephalothorax and abdomen)
ons, head, thorax and
omen. - Have no antenna b
pair of
pair of antenna is chelicerae. which a
hed to head to hold prey
-

ee pairs of jointed
originated from -Four pairs of joint
ax originated
pair of compound from cephalothora
( but few have -Usually have seve
le eyes). pairs of simple eye

have wings. No wings


-
MAMMALS
CHARACTERS
Have hairy skin or fur.
Have external ear pinnae or flap.
whiskers.
The females have mammary glands that
secrete milk.
Have four limbs.
Have teeth with different types ( other
vertebrates have one type only).

BATS ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS BIRDS


BECAUSE:
They have no feathers
They do not lay eggs.
They have no beaks
BUT CONSIDERED AS MAMMALS BECAUSE:
They have hairy skin.
They have ear pinnae.
They give birth.
BIRDS MAMMALS ONLY

Are ( homeothermic) warm blooded


(means that they have a constant body
temperature which does not change
when the surrounding temperature
changes)
Example the normal temperature of
humans is 37oC.

DON’T FORGET
ANIMAL KINGDOM
VERTEBRATE

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