SNIA-SA 100

Introduction to
Network Storage

Chapter 4
Storage Devices

Version 1.1

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 Coverage

1. Disk Technology
2. Types of Tape Drives
3. Types of Optical Disk
4. RAID Concepts and Levels
5. Review Questions

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 SECTION 1
1. Disk Technology
2. Types of Tape Drives
3. Types of Optical Disk
4. RAID Concepts and Levels
5. Review Questions

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 SECTION 1: Disk Technology

1.1 Parallel ATA(PATA) Ultra ATA 100/133 Hard Drives

1.2 SCSI Hard Drives
1.3 Serial ATA (SATA)
1.4. SAS

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 Ultra ATA 100/133 Hard Disk Drive
•Fast data transfer rate up to 100MB/s or 133MB/s by using Ultra
DMA mod 5,6. 80-conductor 40 pin cable. 80-conductor designed
to reduce noise and interference (extra 40 are grounded)

•Using both rising and falling edges of clock signal to send

and receive data, increase data transfer speed by twice time.

•Use cyclical redundancy checking (CRC) data verification. If

data corruption be detected and the data will be retransmitted.

© DSI CONFIDENTIAL 5
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 Ultra ATA 100/133 Hard Disk
Drive (Cont’d)
Pin 1 Cable Key

Pin 20 Pin 40
ATA Cable Connector and Master/slave Configuration

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 Ultra ATA 100/133 Hard Disk
Drive (Cont’d)
ATA Cable Connector to motherboard

18” Maximum, 10” Minimum

Motherboard Slave IDE Master IDE

IDE Port Connector Drive
Connector Connector
(Device 1)
(Device 0)

ATA (IDE) cable with 40-pin connectors (40 or 80 conductors)

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 Ultra DMA modes
One of the Ultra ATA/100/133 feature is to use Ultra DMA
mode 5,6

Bus

DMA Main
CPU Controller Memory
Bus

Disk Disk I/O

Device Device Device

Direct Access Memory (DMA)

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 SCSI - Small Computer System
Interface
• An interface of connecting mass storage devices to a PC.
• Having internal and external connectors, it allows PC to communicate
with peripheral hardware
• Cable lengths up to 12 meters SCSI Host
• Support up to 15 devices on a single bus Adapter
Internal Connector
• Available are 50, 68, 80 pin connectors

External Connector

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 SCSI - Small Computer System
Interface (Cont’d)
SCSI Term Speed Maximum Cable Maximum cable Maximum cable Supported
(Mbytes/sec) length single- length HVD length LVD Devices
ended (meters) (meters) (meters)

SCSI-1 5 6 25 12 8
SCSI-2 5-10 3 25 - 8
Fast SCSI-2 10 3 25 - 8
Wide SCSI-2 20 3 25 - 16
Fast Wide 20 3 25 - 16
SCSI-2
Ultra SCSI-3, 8 20 1.5 25 - 8
bit
Ultra SCSI-3, 16 40 3 25 - 16
bit
Ultra-2 SCSI 40 - 25 12 8
Wide Ultra-2 80 - 25 12 16
SCSI
Ultra-3 (Ultra 160 - - 12 16
160/m) SCSI
Ultra-3 (Ultra 320 - - 12 16
320/m) SCSI
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 Limitations of SCSI
• The fast low-cost interface has some limitations:
• Speed improvement involves increasing the data width. This
indirectly results in
• Cable and connectors doubling in size
• Cross talk
• Risk of disturbance caused in one data signal by an
unwanted transfer of energy by another signal.

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 Serial Storage
Architecture(SSA Drives
• It is a serial link designed for low-cost, high performance
connection to disk drives.
• SSA allows full duplex serial data transfers at rates of
20Mb/sec in each direction.
• IBM proposed ANSI standard .
• Used in arrays of discs with high-end computers (from
mainframes to LAN servers) e.g IBM ESS

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Serial Storage Architecture

•The most common topology is the

loop
•Loops have the benefit of :
• High throughput
• High reliability

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 SATA
• Is a standard-based interface that improves on parallel IDE/ATA
• Serial ATA replaces the old 40 pin ATA plug and 80 wire ATA
cable with a new simple thin cable with only 7 wires.
• Interface transfer rate is 150 MB/s (compared with parallel
ATA’s 100 MB/s)
• 50 % increase, particularly useful in applications with large
data volume requirements, such as video editing
• SATA-2 and SATA-3 – expected transfer rates of 300 and 600
MB/s

ATA and SATA cable

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 SATA
• “Star” topology (point-to-point, no
hubs)
• Each device gets full
bandwidth HDD
• No bus arbitration/collision
overhead Host/RAID
• ATA RAID becomes simpler Controller HDD
to implement
• Serial ATA has attributes and Each host port connects
features that extend its to only one HDD HDD
capabilities
• Provides additional
capabilities such as hot plug
and 1st party DMA

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Comparison and Advantages
of SATA

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 Example

• Maxtor: Maxtor DiamondMax Plus 9

• Seagate: Barracuda 7200.7

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 Applications
• Along with the digital revolution, the ability to create, store and
distribute vast amounts of music data and games is continually
driving demand for higher speed, higher capacity storage drives
with increasingly smaller form factors.

• This has opened up new storage applications for Serial ATA as

hard disk drives are increasingly being designed into a growing
number of HDD-DVD recorders, home servers, multimedia
hubs, LCD TVs, digital jukeboxes, HDD-enabled game
consoles, audio players and automobile audio visual products.

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 Applications
(example: Molex SATA)

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 SAS - Serial Attached SCSI
• Improvement over parallel SCSI
• Data rate increases from 320MB/sec up to 1200MB/second
• Full duplex, dual ported drives, 2.5 form factor
• Multiples drives addressed from a single controller port
• Mix SATA and SAS drives on the same controller
• 10 Meter cable length
• Standard for interface specification completed in May
• Products expected to begin shipping in 2005

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 SAS SATA Comparison
Criteria SATA SAS

Data Rates 150-300MB/Sec 300-600MB/Sec

MTBF 500-600K hrs 1.2M hrs

Capacity 250Gb 250Gb

Cable Length 1m 10m

Cost/MB $.01 - $.02 $.05 - $.08 (Est)

Rotational Speed 5.4 or 7.2K RPM 10-15k RPM

Buffer 8MB 64MB

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 SECTION 2
1. Disk Technology
2. Types of Tape Drives
3. Types of Optical Disk
4. RAID Concepts and Levels
5. Review Questions

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 What is a Tape?

An removable storage medium, usually both readable and write

able.

• A tape drive is the device that positions, writes to, and reads
from the tape.

• It is still widely used today for archiving and backup.

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 Types of Tape Drives
Super Digital Linear Tape (SDLT)
Linear Tape-Open (LTO)

SDLT

LAN

UNIX Windows SUN AIX

NT/98
LTO

SAN

Disk array Tape 24

Tape Library
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 LTO Tape Technology
Roadmap

LTO Ultrium LTO Ultrium LTO Ultrium LTO Ultrium

Generation 1 Generation 2 Generation 3 Generation 4
200 GB 400 GB 800 GB 1.6 TB Compressed Capacity

20-40 MB/s 40-80MB/s 80-160 MB/s 160-320 MB/s Compressed Transfer Rate
2001 Q4 2002 2004/2005 2006/2007

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DLT SDLT Tape Drive Roadmap

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Tape Technology Application
Status
Half-Inch
4%

LTO DLT
16% 35%
8-mm
10%
SLR
4-mm 3%
32%

DLT technology held the

most market share position

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 LTO TAPE
•1997 Developed jointly by Consortium member HP, IBM, and
Seagate.
•LTO format comes in different flavors: A single-reel cartridge optimized
for greater storage capacity called "Ultrium," and a dual-reel cartridge
designed for faster access called "Accelis.“
•Open standard for backup tape system.
•LTO-2 is second generation of LTO technology .
•High data transfer rates is about 40MB/second(native) or 80MB/second
(compressed) in LTO-2.

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 LTO Format
1) Ultrium – 30MB/s 200GB (N), 60MB/s 400GB (C)
suitable or backup, restore and archival applications.
2) Accelis – To speed up access to data Check.

                                                                      

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 DLT and SDLT Tape Technology

• DLT or Digital Linear Tape - is an evolution of the Compac Tape

technology (TK50, TK52) invented by DEC and 3M in1985.
Quantum purchased the technology from DEC, improved it in1989.
DLT is used in high end networks and data centers.
• Super DLT – is DLT next generation product.
Tape

Head

SDLT 600
Head Guild Assembly
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 LTO 2 versus SDLT 600
  SDLT 600 LTO 2 Ultrium
Native Capacity (GB) 300 200
Compressed Capacity (GB) 600 400
Transfer Rate (Native) (MB/s) 36 30

Transfer Rate (Native) (GB/h) 129.6 108

Transfer Rate (Comp.) (MB/s) 72 60

 Ultra-160 SCSI,
Interfaces Available FC Ultra-3 SCSI
Cartridge Memory No LTO-CM
Compression Rate 2:1 2:1
MTBF 250,000 250,000

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 Other Types of Tape
• Mammoth
• AIT- Advanced Intelligent Tape

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 Mammoth Tape Technology
• A magnetic tape and drive system used for computer data storage
and archiving.
• The tapes measure 8mm across.
• Helical scanning technique- Opt. the data transfer & storage rates.
• A cartridge can hold 150 GB of data when compression.
• Compression algorithm - IDRC (Improved Data Recording
Capability )
• The maximum extent of compression is about 2:1.
• Transfer data at speeds of up to 30 MBps with compression.

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 AIT Tape Technology
• A magnetic tape and drive system used for computer data
storage and
archiving.
• The tapes measure 8mm across.
• Helical scanning technique- Opt. the data transfer & storage
rates.
• A cartridge can hold 260 GB of data when compression.
• Compression algorithm - ALDC(Adaptive Lossless Data
Compression)
• The maximum extent of compression is about 2.5:1.
• Transfer data at speeds of up to 62MB/S with compression.

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 Tape Technology– Comparison
AIT-2 AIT-3 DLT8000 SDLT LTO

Specifications          

Native Capacity 50-130 GB 100-260GB 40-80 GB 300 GB 200 GB

Native Performance 6-15 MB/s 12-31 MB/s 6-12 MB/s 36 MB/s 30 MB/s

Best Case Compression 2.5 to 1 2.5 to 1 2.0 to 1 2 to 1 2.5 to 1

Compression method ALDC ALDC DLZ DLZ LTO-CM

Compressed capacity 125GB 250 GB 80 GB 600 GB 400 GB

Compressed Performance 30MB/s 60MB/s 12 MB/s 72MB/s 60 MB/s

performance          

Load Time 10 sec 10 sec 48 sec 12 sec 15 sec

Access Time 27 sec 27 sec 60 sec 70 sec 65 sec

Total Time To Data 40 sec 40 sec 116 sec 82 sec 91 sec

Mid-point Rewind Eject Yes Yes Full Rewind Full Rewind Full Rewind

Microchip in Cassette Yes Yes No Optional Yes

Reliability          

Head Life 50,000hr 50,000hr 50,000 hr 50,000 hr 60,000 hr

Power Required 12 watts 12 watts 50 watts 26 watts 48 watts

Size 3.5"HH 3.5"HH 5.25"FH 5.25"FH 5.25"FH

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 SECTION 3
1. Disk Technology
2. Types of Tape Drives
3. Types of Optical Disk
4. RAID Concepts and Levels
5. Review Questions

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 Optical Disk
•An optical disc is an electronic data storage medium that can be
written to and read

CD-R
• Compact Disc, Recordable
• Hold 74 minutes (650MB) or 80minutes (700MB) of data.
• Write once, read many CD format.

CD-RW
• Compact Disc, Rewriteable
• Hold 74 minutes (650MB) or 80minutes (700MB) of data.
• Rewritten as many as 1000 times, read many CD
format.
• Can write both CD-R and CD-RW discs and can read
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 Optical Disk (Cont’d)

•DVD
• Digital Versatile Disc
• Hold 29GB of data (More than 28 times of data that
CDROM can hold.
• Write once, read many CD format.
•Blue-ray DVD (BD/DVD) -is the name of a next-generation optical disc
format jointly developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA). Using
a blue-violet laser (405nm), which is shorter wavelength than a
red laser (650nm), This allows data to be packed more tightly
and stored in less space, Blu-ray Discs is to hold 25GB/50GB.

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 SECTION 4
1. Disk Technology
2. Types of Tape Drives
3. Types of Optical Disk
4. RAID Concepts and Levels
5. Review Questions

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 RAID
•What is RAID?
• Stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks.
• Developed to meet the growing demands for data reliability and
performance.
• Multiple hard drives are grouped together to form a single
logical drive.
•Why RAID?
• Mass storage is successful only with the benefits of this
data protecting scheme.
• Increases the performance and reliability of data storage
by spreading data across multiple disks.

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 RAID Concepts
• RAID uses Mirroring, Parity and Striping.
•Mirroring
• Increases fault tolerance by having two copies of the same data on
separate hard drives.
• Downtime is minimal and data recovery is simple.
• Increased cost and twice as much as storage.

Data(ABC) RAID A B C Disk 1

Controller

A B C Disk 2
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 RAID Concepts (cont’d)
•Striping
•Improves performance by distributing data across all drives.
• The transfer rates for read and write operations are greatly increased.
• There are two levels of striping:
• Byte level striping: breaking up of data into bytes.
• Block level striping:breaking up of data into specific block sizes.

Data(ABC DEF) A C E Disk 1

RAID
Controller

B D F Disk 2
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 RAID Concepts (cont’d)
• Parity
• Data redundancy technique used in RAID.
• Parity data is created using the logical operation called XOR
on the data elements.
• If any of the data elements is lost, it is recreated from the
parity element and vice versa.
• As in mirroring there is no need to keep two copies of data.
• The parity can be either distributed across the multiple
disks or be dedicated to a single disk.

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 RAID Levels
• Combinations of mirroring, parity and striping results in
various raid levels.
Commonly adopted RAID Levels
• RAID 0 – Striping (no parity)
•RAID 1 – Disk mirroring
•RAID 0+1 – Striping, each stripe then mirrored
•RAID 2 – Bit-level Striping, ECC Disk
• RAID 3 – Byte-level Striping, fixed parity
•RAID 4 – Block-level Striping, fixed parity
• RAID 5 – Striping, distributed parity
•RAID 6 – is two parity over all drives, Handles two disk failures.

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 RAID 0: Striping
• Implements a striped disk array, the data is broken into
• blocks – each block written to separate disk drive

• Not fault-tolerant – not a “true” RAID

• Lower cost & higher access rate

• Applications in Image Editing & Video Production

Block11
Block Block22
Block
Block33
Block Block44
Block
Disk 1 Block55
Block Block66
Block Disk 2
Block77
Block Block88
Block 45
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 RAID 1 : Mirroring
• Consists exactly 2 disk modules bound together as mirrored pair.
• Controller must perform 2 concurrent Reads or 2 duplicate
Writes, per mirrored pair.

• If both disks fail, the RAID 1 mirrored pair becomes inaccessible

• Recommended Application-Accounting & Payroll.

Block11
Block Block11
Block
Block22
Block Block22
Block
Disk 1 Block33
Block Block33
Block Disk 2
Block44
Block Block44
Block
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 RAID 0/1 : Striping & Mirroring
• Even number of 4-16 disk modules
• Half are data disks and the other half are disk mirrors
• Uses block striping for performance & mirroring for redundancy
• - so mirrored RAID 0 group

Block11
Block Block22
Block Block11
Block Block22
Block
Block33
Block Block44
Block Block33
Block Block44
Block
Block55
Block Block66
Block Block55
Block Block66
Block
Block77
Block Block88
Block Block77
Block Block88
Block
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 RAID 2 : Bit-level Striping, Fixed
parity
• Uses bit level striping with dedicated Error Correction Code (ECC).
• Use multiple drive dedicated ECC disks.
• Need high number of drivers for ECC generation.

Block11
Block Block1a
Block 1a Block1b
Block 1b ECC
ECC ECC
ECC
Block22
Block Block2a
Block 2a Block2b
Block 2b ECC
ECC ECC
ECC
Block33
Block Block3a
Block 3a Block3b
Block 3b ECC
ECC ECC
ECC
Block44
Block Block4a
Block 4a Block4b
Block 4b ECC
ECC ECC
ECC

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 RAID 3 : Byte-level Striping, Fixed
parity
• Uses byte level striping with dedicated parity

• An additional drive dedicated to parity

• Uses Error Correction Code to detect errors

• Added parity slow down writes

Block11
Block Block1a
Block 1a Block1b
Block 1b parity
parity
Block22
Block Block2a
Block 2a Block2b
Block 2b parity
parity
Block33
Block Block3a
Block 3a Block3b
Block 3b parity
parity
Block44
Block Block4a
Block 4a Block4b
Block 4b parity
parity
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RAID 4 : Block-level Striping,Fixed
parity
• Uses block level striping with dedicated parity
• Multi user read, single user writes .
•Uses Error Correction Code (ECC) to detect error.
•Added parity slow down writes.

Block11
Block Block22
Block Block33
Block parity1
parity1
Block44
Block Block55
Block Block66
Block parity2
parity2
Block77
Block Block88
Block Block99
Block parity3
parity3
Block10
Block 10 Block11
Block 11 Block12
Block 12 parity4
parity4

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 RAID 5 Striping and Distributed
Parity
• Uses block level striping with distributed parity

• Data transferred to disk by independent read and write

operations
• Combination of redundancy, cost effectiveness and storage
efficiency
• Good for multitasking environment.

Block11
Block Block22
Block Block33
Block parity
parity
Block1a
Block 1a Block2a
Block 2a parity
parity Block44
Block
Block1b
Block 1b parity
parity Block3a
Block 3a Block4a
Block 4a
parity
parity Block2b
Block 2b Block3b
Block 3b Block4b
Block 4b
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 RAID 6 Two Parity Over All
Drives
• 2 parity (P,Q) Redundancy, over all drives.
• Handles two disk failures

Block11
Block Block22
Block Block33 Parity1a
1a Parity1b
1b
Block Parity Parity
Block44
Block Block55
Block Parity2a
2a Parity2b
2b Block66
Parity Parity Block
Block77
Block Parity3a
Parity 3a Parity3b
3b Block88 Block99
Parity Block Block
Parity4a
Parity 4a Parity4b
Parity 4b Block10
10 Block11 11 Parity5a
5a
Block Block Parity
Parity5b
Parity 5b Block12
Block 12 Block13
13 Parity6a
6a Parity6b
6b
Block Parity Parity

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 SECTION 5
1. Disk Technology
2. Types of Tape Drives
3. Types of Optical Disk
4. RAID Concepts and Levels
5. Review Questions

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 Review Questions
• What are the different RAID levels and how do they differ
from each other ?

• What are the different types of Tape ?

• What is the difference between SSA and SCSI ?

• What are some of the features of SSA Architecture?

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 References
• http://www.whatis.techtarget.com
• http://www.howstuffworks.com/flash-memory.htm
• IBM A practical Guide to SSA
• http://www.betterbackup.com/hardware.html
• http://www.SystemLogic.net

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