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DLD Lecture 03-04

This document discusses various number systems used in digital logic and design including binary, hexadecimal, octal, BCD, gray code, and ASCII. It provides details on how to convert between number bases, perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction in different bases, and how alternate codes like BCD and gray code are used. Error detection methods like parity bits are also summarized.

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awais kayani
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33 views

DLD Lecture 03-04

This document discusses various number systems used in digital logic and design including binary, hexadecimal, octal, BCD, gray code, and ASCII. It provides details on how to convert between number bases, perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction in different bases, and how alternate codes like BCD and gray code are used. Error detection methods like parity bits are also summarized.

Uploaded by

awais kayani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Logic & Design

Lecture 03
Hexadecimal Number System
• Base 16
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
• Representing Binary in compact form

• 11011000001102 = 1B06 H
Counting in Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

0 0000 0 8 1000 8
1 0001 1 9 1001 9
2 0010 2 10 1010 A
3 0011 3 11 1011 B
4 0100 4 12 1100 C
5 0101 5 13 1101 D
6 0110 6 14 1110 E
7 0111 7 15 1111 F
Counting in Hexadecimal

Decimal Hexa- Decimal Hexa- Decimal Hexa-


Decimal Decimal Decimal
16 10 24 18 32 20
17 11 25 19 33 21
18 12 26 1A 34 22
19 13 27 1B 35 23
20 14 28 1C 36 24
21 15 29 1D 37 25
22 16 30 1E 38 26
23 17 31 1F 39 27
Binary-Hexadecimal Conversion
• Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
• 11010110101110010110
• 1101 0110 1011 1001 0110
•D 6 B 9 6
• Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
• FD13
• 1111 1101 0001 0011
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
• Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
• Indirect Method
• Decimal →Binary → Hexadecimal
• Repeated Division by 16
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
• Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
• Indirect Method
• Hexadecimal →Binary → Decimal
• Sum-of-Weights
Hexadecimal Addition &
Subtraction
• Hexadecimal Addition
• Carry generated
• Hexadecimal Subtraction
• Borrow weight 16
Repeated Division by 16

Number Quotient Remainder

2096 131 0

131 8 3

8 0 8
Sum-of-Weights
CA02
(C x 163) + (A x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
(12 x 163) + (10 x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
(12 x 4096) + (10 x 256) + (0 x 16) + (2 x 1)
49152 + 2560 + 0 + 2
51714
Hexadecimal Addition
Carry 1
2AC6 6+5=11d Bh
+ 92B5 C+B=23d 17h
BD7B A+2+1=13d Dh
2+9=11d Bh
Hexadecimal Subtraction
Borrow 111
92B5 21-6=15d Fh
- 2AC6 26-C=14d Eh
67EF 17-A=7d 7h
8-2=6d 6h
Octal Number System
• Base 8
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
• Representing Binary in compact form

• 11011000001102 = 154068
Counting in Octal

Decimal Binary Octal


0 000 0
1 001 1
2 010 2
3 011 3
4 100 4
5 101 5
6 110 6
7 111 7
Counting in Octal
Decimal Octal Decimal Octal Decimal Octal
8 10 16 20 24 30
9 11 17 21 25 31
10 12 18 22 26 32
11 13 19 23 27 33
12 14 20 24 28 34
13 15 21 25 29 35
14 16 22 26 30 36
15 17 23 27 31 37
Binary-Octal Conversion
• Binary to Octal Conversion
• 11010110101110010110
• 011 010 110 101 110 010 110
•3 2 6 5 6 2 6
• Octal to Binary Conversion
• 1726
• 001 111 010 110
Decimal-Octal Conversion
• Decimal to Octal Conversion
• Indirect Method
• Decimal →Binary → Octal
• Repeated Division by 8
Decimal-Octal Conversion
• Octal to Decimal Conversion
• Indirect Method
• Octal →Binary → Decimal
• Sum-of-Weights
Octal Addition & Subtraction
• Octal Addition
• Carry generated
• Octal Subtraction
• Borrow weight 8
Repeated Division by 8

Number Quotient Remainder


2075 259 3 (O0)
259 32 3 (O1)
8 4 0 (O2)
4 0 4 (O3)
Sum-of-Weights

4033
(4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (3 x 80)
(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (3 x 1)
2048 + 0 + 24 + 3
2075
Octal Addition
Carry 1
7602 2+1=3d 3O
+ 5771 0+7=7d 7O
15573 6+7=13d 15O
1+7+5=13d 15O
Octal Subtraction
Borrow 11
7602 2-1=1d 1O
- 5771 8-7=1d 1O
1611 13-7=6d 6O
6-5=1d 1O
Alternate Representations
• BCD Code
• BCD Addition
• Gray Code
Alternate Representations
• BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code

Decimal BCD Decimal BCD


0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001
BCD Addition
• Multi-digit BCD numbers can be added together
23 0010 0011
45 0100 0101
68 0110 1000

23 0010 0011
48 0100 1000
71 0110 1011
• 1011 is illegal BCD number
BCD Addition
• Add a 0110 (6) to an invalid BCD number
• Carry added to the most significant BCD digit

23 0010 0011
48 0100 1000
71 0110 1011
0110
0111 0001
Gray Code
• Binary Code more than 1 bit change
• Electromechanical applications of digital systems restrict bit
change to 1
• Shaft encoders
• Braking Systems
• Un-Weighted Code
Gray Code

Decimal Gray Binary


0 0000 0000
1 0001 0001
2 0011 0010
3 0010 0011
4 0110 0100
5 0111 0101
6 0101 0110
7 0100 0111
Gray Code Application

A A
B B
C C

Binary Gray Code


Alphanumeric Code
• Numbers, Characters, Symbols
• ASCII 7-bit Code
• American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
• 10 Numbers (0-9)
• 26 Lower Case Characters (a-z)
• 26 Upper Case Characters (A-Z)
• Punctuation and Symbols
• 32 Control Characters
ASCII Code
• Numbers 0 to 9
• ASCII 0110000 (30h) to 0111001 (39h)
• Alphabets a to z
• ASCII 1100001 (61h) to 1111010 (7Ah)
• Alphabets A to Z
• ASCII 1000001 (41h) to 1011010 (5Ah)
• Control Characters
• ASCII 0000000 (0h) to 0011111 (1Fh)
Alphanumeric Code
• Extended ASCII 8-bit Code
• Additional 128 Graphic characters
• Unicode 16-bit Code
Error Detection
• Digital Systems are very Reliable
• Errors during storage or transmission
• Parity Bit
• Even Parity
• Odd Parity
Odd Parity Error Detection
• Original data 10011010
• With Odd Parity 110011010
• 1-bit error 110111010
• Number of 1s even indicates 1-bit error
• 2-bit error 110110010
• Number of 1s odd no error indicated
• 3-bit error 100110010
• Number of 1s even indicates error
Summary
• 2’s Complement
• Range and Overflow
• Floating Point representation
Summary
• Hexadecimal Number System
• Binary-Hexadecimal Conversion
• Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion
• Octal Number System
• Binary-Octal Conversion
• Decimal-Octal Conversion
Summary
• Alternate Representations
• BCD Code
• Gray Code
• Alphanumeric Codes
• ASCII
• Error Detection
• Parity Bit

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