Third Gen.

Mobile N/Wks
SUMMARY
1 Introduction.
2 Radio Interface
3 Fixed Networks (NSS)
4 UMTS core networks
5 Towards Fourth Gen.
Motivations For A New System.
Convergence of Computer, telecommunication & audio/Video
Applications.

Present services Essentially Voice

Extended to data and combination of voice/data.
.

New Frequency bands (WARC 92)

Migration of telecommunication players (Operators & Vendors)

towards applications & services.

Technological advances (Networks, Systems, DSP,etc

Definition & development of new systems.

MAIN UMTS CHARACTERISTICS

Integration of existing mobile services (Cellular,

Cordless,paging,PMR etc with implementation of
Service portability

Choice among multiple terminals & service providers.

Flexible terminals supporting several radio interfaces

(Software radio)

Global Roaming for the terminals & services.

Voice quality as with fixed networks.

Satellite Service for non covered areas.

Freq. Spectrum of UMTS: 1885-2025& 2110-2200MHZ.

Security & anti fraud features against access to

Data by non-authorized people or entities.
High Bit rate mobile multimedia services:
@ 2Mb/s for indoor reduced mobility(10 Km/h)
@ 384 Kb/s for urban outdoor (120 Km/H
@144 kb/h for rural outdoor important mobility
(500 km/h)

Variable Quality of service (BER -3 to –6 &delay

Between 30 & 300ms)

Asymetric & variable bit rate transmission.

Multiple services per user.

Speech 8Kbps.
Data: up to 384kbps.
video;: 384 kbps.
Multi media transmission also.

Objectives & characteristics.

High Bit rate.

service Integration.

Packet access.
Capacity enhancement techniques: multi user detection
interference cancellation, adaptive Antennas.

Inter system handover (GSM-3G) & inter frequency.

Main challenge: Merge mobile telephone coverage

& Internet with other multimedia applications.

3G system must provide:

Multiple application handling.

Internet Access.

Flexible bearer service.

Packet access with low tariffs.

3G Standardization.

WRC 92 allocated 1885-2025 MHZ & 2110-2200MHZ freq band

To IMT-2000.
ITU-R (Study Group 8) working on FPLMTS became IMT-2000.

Regional activities.European Telecom standard Institute

Research Institute of telecommunication transmission

(RITT) in China.
Association of Radio Industry & Business (ARIB) &
Telecommunication Technology committee (TTC) Japan.
Telecommunication Technologies Association (TTA) in
Korea.
Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) & TIPI in USA.
3GPP members (ETSI) Europe (TIPI) USA (ARIB & TTA) Asia
Are to develop UMTS for GSM based systems.

3GPP2 Members are TIA (USA) ARIB, TTC. TTA & CWTS are to
develop 3G standards for IS-95 based CDMA systems.

Development Planning.

98-99 Definition of the Radio Interface.

2000 First 3G network trials.
IMT-2000 recommendation validation by ITU-R.
2000-2001 3G licence allocation in Europe
End of 2001 First3G network in countries like Japan.on the
bases of first 3GPP specifications.
Beginning of 2001 3G Terminals commercially available.
3G services launched by the operators

2002-2003 New 3G applications.

End of 2004 3G commercial applications with mass

market.

W- CDMA CHARACTERISTICS.

Takes advantage of multi-path Fading.

Asynchronous mode between the cells & Pilot channel

Allocate to each Data channel.
Orthogonal spreading factor on the downlinks.

Coherent Rake reception on both links.

Fast power control on both links.

Variable bit rate transmission

Bandwidth after spreading is larger than the channel

Coherent bandwidth through which the waves are
Transmitted.
The Channel is frequency-selective for these waves & then gives
Better performance compared to narrow band CDMA systems.

Motivation:- A DS system which experience selective frequency

fading solve the multi path components individually through
The use of Rake receiver
The components are then combined coherently.

Allows to fight efficiently against fast fading & give higher

bit rates.

Bandwidth /Energy trade off.

Larger the bandwidth, higher the number of multi -paths.

Energy per path decreases with the bandwidth which makes

The estimation of amplitude & phases of the paths more
difficult to be estimated for the Receiver.

UTRA:- Universal Terrestrial Radio Access.

FDD in WCDMA Paired bands (2x60 MHZ)

TDD in TDMA/WCDMA Unpaired band (35 MHZ)

UTRA characteristics
Mode FDD TDD

Multiple access DS-CDMA TD-CDMA

Chip rate 3.84 M chips/s 3.84 or 1.28Mcps.

Carrier spacing 4.4 to 5 Mhz with a space of 200khz
Radio frame period 10 ms.

Frame structure 15Ts/frame

Spreading Factor 4to 512 1to 16

Channel coding No coding, Convolutional codes Turbo (1/3)

½ or 1/3

Physical & Logical Channels.

Transport Channels :- Services offered by layer 1 to upper layers.

The channels are of two types
Common Channels.

Dedicated Channels.
Physical Channels are associated with a code ,a time slot & a
frequency.
Based on a temporal structure there are three levels
Super frames, Frames,& Time slots.
3 Levels
Super frame;720 ms. 72 frames numbered SFN0 to SFN71
SFN = super frame number.

Radio Frame: 16 Ts

TS: Set of information symbols. Number of symbols depend on

the physical channel.
Transport & physical Channels (F.D.D.) Mode.
Transport channels are of two types.
(1) Common channels
(2) Dedicated channels.

Dedicated Transport channels

 DTCH ( Dedicated Traffic Channel)

SDCCH (Slow dedicated control channel)

ACCH (Associated Control channel)

Fast Power Control.

D
T FAUSCH. (Fast uplink signalling channel)
C Signalling information from a user equipment
H (UE) to the Network. (Optional)

( COMMON TRANSPORT CHANNELS

BCH (Broadcast Channel) Low bit rate channel.system
D Specific& cell information broadcast.
e
d FACH (Forward access channel) Channel for control information
i to the UE when the system knows its cell. Can carry
c user information (short Packets) slow power control.
a
t
e
PCH(Paging channel) Channel for control info to the UE
When the system does not know its
Cell Used for the sleep mode Procedure.

RACH (Random Access Channel)

Channel for the control information of
User equipment can carry short user packets. Pen loop power
control.
DSCH(Down link shared channel) Channel Shared by several UE
to carry transport control or traffic information There are 2 cases
DSCH associated to a DCH & DSCH associated to DSCH.

DSCH control channel Carries control information for a UE

when the DSCH is not associated with a DCH
Access & BROADCAST CHANNELS

BROADCAST CHANNEL= SCH + BCCH.

SCH: Allows the mobile to select the best BTS ( Called the
best SERVER)
BCCH : It allows the mobile to recover the data of the N/W

SCH is the same for the whole system.

Mobile Synchronisation.

Primary SCH
Determination of the most powerful BTS
Slot synchronisation on BS.
Identification of an observation window on SCH.
Secondary SCH :- Frame Synchronisation determination
Determination of scrambling code Group.
Determination of the scrambling code on
the primary CCPCH.
ACCESS Procedure.

Synchronisation (SCH)

BCCH monitors
Acquisition of the preamble code used in the cell (256 chips)

Path loss estimation.

Interference level U/L & Rx level broadcast
SIR level.
Random choice of a preamble sequence(16 bits) among 16
possible ones
Choice of an offset.
Transmission of an access burst with the required power at the
Beginning of the frame.

Types of handovers:

There are four types of handovers.

Hard HO (Between disjoint groups of cells)

Soft intra – frequency HO,

Softer intra-frequency HO,

Inter Frequency HO,

There are two types of interleaving involved.

Ist Interleaving: Realised for each transport channel.

2nd interleaving: Realized for each radio frame (10 ms) & applied
to a set of multiplexed transport channels.

Power Control.
Slow power Control on the uplink against the shadow
fading effects.

Fast power control on both links : against Rayleigh fading

effects.
Transmission power varies in the range of 80 db on the
uplink & of 30 db on the downlink.
Having the transaction of high data rate & video has become the
reality
we are receiving / transmitting even video on our mobiles
Our entire country is to be provided with Wi-Fi & Wi-Max
connectivity which will enable us to nave quad play connectivity even
to far flung areas
FIXED NETWORK (NSS) & UMTS ARCHITECTURE :

2 options: (1) ATM based architecture,

(2) Use an architecture Where the transport of

user information is independent from the control.

QUALITY OF SERVICE.
(1) Service class.
(2) Peak throughput.
(3) Guaranteed throughput.
(4) Residual BER.
(5) Type of traffic.
NSS CHARACTERISTICS.
1 Unique Core Network Simplifies the management of
Core Network based on IP technologies

A Client/ Server oriented architecture with standard IP

solutions.
Use of telephony & interconnection units servers for specific
PSTN/ISDN services support.( Voice,Fax,modem etc.
Use of proxy technologies for efficient transport of data on
The radio Interface.
QOS enhancement to fulfil all real time applications.
Use of terabit routers

VIRTUAL HOME ENVIRONMENT CONCEPT.

It provides the user with a multi –site & terminal personal
Service environment.
Personalize subscribers services & service interface.
Subscriber’s service operation & service interface are
Independent from network & location

Realize the separation of services & network.

Not a unique technology but a series of service creation

tools collection (e,g CAMEL).

NSS
Investments in existing infrastructure have been very
important for 2G networks Progressive transition.

At the beginning, UMTS network will be based on GSM/GPRS NSS

Routers will be added.

 INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) ISSUES.

Dominant inter -working protocol in operation today.

Reasons for choosing IP for wireless data networking.
Applications written for wired data networks can operate on
wireless networks.

Integrated wireless & wire line networks can be built &

managed , at lower expenses,
Advances in IP technology (IP telephony & QOS) may be
directly applied to wireless networks.
Wireless networks based on IP will be able to provide
voice service as well as data services.
 3GPP NETWORK ARCHITECTURE.
3Gpp vision Evolution towards an IP Core network.
1999: 3GIP focus group to address the requirements
For an all- IP wireless network architecture.

IP based architecture must support stream & best effort service.

Main principle:- provide separation of service control from
connection control.

Evolution:- GPRS as core packet network, overlaid with

call control & gateway functions required for supporting voice
over IP (VOIP) & other multimedia services.m
 Mobile IP CONCEPT
Current standard for supporting macro- mobility in IP networks.

Defines two entities to provide mobility support.

(HA) Home agent , statically assigned to the mobile host based

on the permanent home IP address of the mobile host.

Foreign agent (FA) has an IP address associated call the care

Of address. It is the IP entity closest to the mobile host.

Packets destined for a mobile host are intercepted by the HA

& tunneled to to the FA using the care of address.
The FA de-capsulatus the packets & forwards them directly to
the mobile host.
Good framework to allow users to roam outside their home
Network without disrupting their applications.
DRAWBACKS.

Not designed for wide area wireless networks or to manage

Micro mobility.
All forms of mobility treated uniformly, overhead may be
Important.

No paging:- The mobile host must update the network on

every move resulting in excessive battery power consumption.
Future of Telecommunication in INDIA
There has been the tremendous growth of telecom networks during
the past decades
In his inaugural address to I.T.U members in
the year 1992 Secretary General ITU had said that he had a dream
of converting the whole world into a global village.
we thought that it was only a dream but now it has become the
reality, because we are now in a position to have communication
from one corner of the world to the other & that also not incurring
less expenditure. There has been so much improvement in the
quality of the communication that it appears as if we are speaking
from different rooms of the same building though we may be
separated from one another bb thousands of Kilometers
Our country did not lag behind as for as the development of
telecommunication standards and telecom networks are concerned
Almost the entire area of our country is covered by mobile &
fixed telecommunication networks & the growth of the mobile is
so rapid that we are going to add 6 million mobile subscribers to
our mobile networks in the current month & the number of mobile
subscribers is to double up to 2010 i.e to provide more than 100
million connections during this period
A number of milestones have been achieved We have been able to
reduce the operational & maintenance cost which has ultimately
resulted in reducing the tariff.
Previously we had to wait for years together to have a telephone
connection & at some places it would take decades to get the
telephone connections
Now we are providing the fixed telephone within a fortnight & the
mobile connection is provided almost on the same day
Telecom has a promising future in our country, because we have
not to forget that in our country almost 90 % people are eager to
have a telephone connection preferably a mobile one . We have
more than one billion people, even if we are able to cover one
fourth population of our country we would require about 250
million telephone connections.
The Govt of India:s plan is to cover the entire country by Wi-Fi &
Wi-Max connectivity& when that becomes the reality we shall have
to provide mobile connectivity in these areas thus resulting in many
fold increase in mobile connections.
This whole job is to be done by our own people which will dilute
the un-employment problem& will improve the financial status of
the local people
Even for years to come our country shall be able to sustain the rapid
growth of telecom networks because a lot more is to be done to have
the telephone connection or PCO in rural or remote rural part of our
country within the radius of half a Kilometer or so
In order to improve the Telecom facilities in rural & urban INDIA
the Govt is stressing upon the operators & BSNL to implement
the third & fourth generation telecom standards which may be as
under
Infrastructure operation / Tower companies which own,
maintain & operate cellular operators infrastructure, the
installations will be shared by others thus resulting in saving the
CAPEX & OPEX
 We will also have M V N Os
i.e Mobile Virtual Network Operators
MVNOs do not possess a network or a license.

Some possess their own HLR/AUC & sell their own SIM cards
They have also their own code. They have their own roaming
agreements.
They use existing operators infrastructure & sell mobile services.

New entrants will be able to increase their marketing &

commercial
coverage through MVNO:s
Mobile shall be able to have Pc DVD FAX & Car navigation
Facilities.
Bit rates 10 times that of 3G

Seamless service & compatibility with existing mobile communication

systems.
Bandwidth:- Wider than current or 3G Systems 3to 10 GHZ
frequency
band

Speed Vehicular ; 2Mbps

Pedestrian/ Indoor 20 Mbps

Next GEN Internet Support Ipv6, QOS, Mobile IP

Capacity. 5to 10 times higher than 3G

Freq of operation 3 to 10 GHZ

Cost 1/10 of IMT 2000

It will also provide seamless service with fixed & private Networks
& also will have location identification functions
So when we are providing the various services on very cheap rates we
Expect a good number of people to use the telecom services& to
spread
this ideology it will not take it will not take a month or a year but a
decade or so.
There will definitely be multibillion dollar transaction involved in
this process & this process will also continue for a long time