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Map Projections

The document discusses different types of map projections used to translate positions from the spherical Earth onto a flat surface for mapping. It describes common projection types including cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections, noting each preserve certain geometric properties like scale, shape, or area at the expense of distorting others. The document also covers coordinate systems, distortions inherent in all map projections, and how to select projections based on minimizing distortions for the intended use and scope of the map.

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mike
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76 views

Map Projections

The document discusses different types of map projections used to translate positions from the spherical Earth onto a flat surface for mapping. It describes common projection types including cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections, noting each preserve certain geometric properties like scale, shape, or area at the expense of distorting others. The document also covers coordinate systems, distortions inherent in all map projections, and how to select projections based on minimizing distortions for the intended use and scope of the map.

Uploaded by

mike
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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3.

Map
Projections
(CENG MnEg414)
3.1
– The Earth is nearly spherical surface
Introduction
–Most of the standard reference systems locate
positions in a two-dimensional (planar) coordinate
system.
– Positional information in a geo-referenced spatial
object must refer to a particular geographic
reference system.
– Map projection is used to translate positions from
the Earth’s nearly spherical surface to a hypothetical
mapping plane.
– However, projection procedure inevitably introduces
significant geometric distortions of shapes, areas,
distances, or angles
3.1
– Distortions can be minimized to suit the geographic
Introduction
scope and intended use of the map data.
– In order to minimize distortion and produce two-
dimensional maps that preserve geographic
relationships:-
 Choose a geometric model that closely
approximates the shape of the Earth,
 Adopt a coordinate system for referencing
geographic locations in the mapping plane, and
 Decide a method of transferring (or projecting)
locations from the idealized Earth model to the
chosen planar coordinate system.
3.2 Polar and Rectangular
Coordinates
– Rectangular coordinates are in the form (X, Y), where
'X' and 'Y' are the horizontal distances to the
respective axes from the origin.
3.2 Polar and Rectangular
Coordinates
– Polar coordinates are in the form: (r,θ), where 'r'is
the distance from the origin to the point, and 'θ' is
the angle measured from the positive 'X' axis to the
point:
3.2 Geographic
Coordinates
– The oldest global system is the
Latitude/Longitude system
coordinate referre to
Geographic coordinates).
(also d as
– Because this is a spherical coordinate system, latitude
and longitude values are expressed as angles relative to
standard reference planes.
– Latitude is measured from 0 to 90 degrees north and
south of the equator.
– Longitude values range from 0 to 180 degrees east or
west of the Prime Meridian, which by international
convention passes through the Royal Observatory at
Greenwich, England
3.3 Geographic
Coordinates
3.4 Simple Map
Projections
– Map projection is as a systematic representation of
all or part of the Earth’s surface on a plane as a
result of a complex transformation process.
 The input for the map projection process is a set
of horizontal positions on the surface of a
reference ellipsoid.
 The output is a corresponding set of positions in a
reference plane at a reduced scale.
– Transforming coordinates from the Earth ellipsoid to
a map involves projection to a simple geometric
surface (called a developable surface)
3.4 Simple Map
Projections
– Developable surface is a surface that can be
flattened to a plane without further distortion (such
as stretching or shearing).
– Three types of developable surfaces form the basis
of most common map projections:
 a cylinder,
 a cone,
 or a plane
3.4.1 Cyliderical
Projections
– Simple cylindrical projections are constructed using a
cylinder that has its entire circumference tangent to
the Earth’s surface along a great circle, such as the
equator.
3.4.1 Cyliderical
Projections
– All meridians are equally spaced and the scale
is consistent along each parallel.
– Severely distorted at the poles.
– Areas near the Equator are preserved

– Types of cylindrical map projections may include the


popular Mercator projection, Cassini, Gauss-Kruger,
Miller, Behrmann, Hobo-Dyer, and Gall-Peters.
3.4.2 Conic
Projections
– Simple conic projections use a cone that is
tangent to the surface along a small circle, such as a
parallel of latitude.

– Conic map projections are best suited for use as regional or


hemispheric maps,
– Conic map projections include the equidistant
conic projection, the Lambert conformal conic, and Albers
conic.
3.4.3 Azimuthal
Projection
– Projecting positions directly to a plane tangent to the
Earth’s surface creates an azimuthal projection.

– Azimuthal maps are beneficial for finding direction


from any point on the Earth using the central point
as a reference
3.5 Map
Distortions
– Projecting the Earth’s curving surface to a mapping
plane cannot be done without distorting the surface
features in some way.
– All maps have some type of distortion either in scale,
area, shape or direction.
– When selecting a map projection, cartographers must
decide which characteristic (or combination there
of) should be shown accurately at the expense of
the others.
– Satisfying either of these conditions lead to:
3.5 Map
Distortions
1. Equidistant projections:
 in most projections scale remains constant along
one or more standard lines, and
positionin
careful of these lines can minimize
g scale elsewhere in the map.
 variations
Specialized equidistant map projections maintain
constant scale in all directions from one or two
standard points.
3.5 Map
Distortions
2. Equal area projections:
 in many types of spatial analysis it is important
to compare the areas of different features.
 Such comparisons require that surface features
with equal areas are represented by the same
map area regardless of where they occur.
 A map projection with this property is an equal-
area projection.
3.5 Map
Distortions
3. Conformal projections:
 a map projection is conformal if the shapes of small
surface features are shown without distortion.
 This property is the result of correctly representing
local angles around each point, and maintaining
constant local scale in all directions.
 Conformality is local property; while small features
are shown correctly, large shapes are distorted due
to the scale variation from point to point.
 A map projection cannot be both conformal and
equal-area.
3.5 Map
Distortions
4. Azimutal projections:
 no map projection can represent all great circle
directions as straight lines.
 Azimuthal projections show all great circles
passing through the projection center as straight
lines.
 Here azimuth or direction of any point relative to
one central point is represented correctly.
Personal
Assignment
– Brieflydiscuss the thre commo
projection type e n
– Describe merits and demerits of each
projection type
– Mention and discuss the different types
of projections under each of the three
projection categories
• Submission date: May 15, 2018.

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