Management

Chapter
Management
2 History
Learning Outcomes
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study
this chapter.
2.1 Historical Background Of Management.
• Explain why studying management history is important.
• Describe some early evidences of management practice.
• Describe two important historical events that are significant to
the study of management.
2.2 Classical Approach.
• Describe the important contributions made by Frederick W.
Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
• Discuss Fayol’s and Weber’s contributions to management
theory.
• Explain how today’s managers use scientific management and
general administrative theory.
Learning Outcomes
2.3 Quantitative Approach.
• Explain what the quantitative approach has
contributed to the field of management.
• Describe total quality management.
• Discuss how today’s managers use the quantitative
approach.
2.4 Behavioral approach.
• Describe the contributions of the early advocates of
OB.
• Explain the contributions of the Hawthorne Studies to
the field of management.
• Discuss how today’s managers use the behavioral
approach.
Learning Outcomes
2.5 Contemporary Approach
• Describe an organization using the systems approach.
• Discuss how the systems approach helps us
understand management.
• Explain how the contingency approach is appropriate
for studying management.
management
Historical Background of
Management
• Ancient Management
 Egypt (pyramids) and China (Great Wall)
 Venetians (floating warship assembly lines)
• Adam Smith
 Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776
 Advocated the division of labor (job specialization) to
increase the productivity of workers
• Industrial Revolution
 Substituted machine power for human labor
 Created large organizations in need of management
Exhibit 2–1 Major Approaches to Management
Major Approaches to
Management
• Classical
• Quantitative
• Behavioral
• Contemporary
Scientific Management
• Fredrick Winslow Taylor
 The “father” of scientific management
 Published Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
 The theory of scientific management
– Using scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a
job to be done:
• Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools
and equipment.
• Having a standardized method of doing the job.
• Providing an economic incentive to the worker.
 Exhibit 2–2 Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles

1. Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, which will

replace the old rule-of-thumb method.
2. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker.
3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done
in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed.

4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management

and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better
fitted than the workers.
General Administrative Theory
• Henri Fayol
 Believed that the practice of management was distinct
from other organizational functions
 Developed principles of management that applied to
all organizational situations
• Max Weber
 Developed a theory of authority based on an ideal
type of organization (bureaucracy)
 Emphasized rationality, predictability, impersonality, technical
competence, and authoritarianism
Scientific Management (cont’d)
• Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
 Focused on increasing worker productivity through
the reduction of wasted motion
 Developed the microchronometer to time worker
motions and optimize work performance
• How Do Today’s Managers Use Scientific
Management?
 Use time and motion studies to increase productivity
 Hire the best qualified employees
 Design incentive systems based on output
Exhibit 2–3 Fayol’s 14 Principles of
Management
1. Division of work 7. Remuneration

2. Authority 8. Centralization

3. Discipline 9. Scalar chain

4. Unity of command 10. Order

5. Unity of direction 11. Equity

6. Subordination of 12. Stability of tenure

individual interests of personnel
to the general 13. Initiative
interest
14. Esprit de corps
Exhibit 2–4 Weber’s Bureaucracy
Quantitative Approach to
Management
• Quantitative Approach
 Also called operations research or management
science
 Evolved from mathematical and statistical methods
developed to solve WWII military logistics and quality
control problems
 Focuses on improving managerial decision making by
applying:
 Statistics, optimization models, information models, and
computer simulations
Exhibit 2–5 What Is Quality Management?
Intense focus on the customer
Concern for continual improvement
Process-focused
Improvement in the quality of everything
Accurate measurement
Empowerment of employees
Understanding Organizational
Behavior
• Organizational Behavior (OB)
 The study of the actions of people at work; people are
the most important asset of an organization
• Early OB Advocates
 Robert Owen
 Hugo Munsterberg
 Mary Parker Follett
 Chester Barnard
Exhibit 2–6 Early Advocates of OB
The Hawthorne Studies
•A series of productivity experiments conducted
at Western Electric from 1924 to 1932.

•Experimental findings
Productivity unexpectedly increased under imposed
adverse working conditions.
The effect of incentive plans was less than
expected.

•Research conclusion
Social norms, group standards and attitudes more
strongly influence individual output and work behavior
than do monetary incentives.
The Systems Approach
• System Defined
 A set of interrelated and interdependent parts
arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.
• Basic Types of Systems
 Closed systems
 Are not influenced by and do not interact with their
environment (all system input and output is internal).
 Open systems
 Dynamically interact to their environments by taking in inputs
and transforming them into outputs that are distributed into
their environments.
Exhibit 2–7 The Organization as an Open
System
Implications of the Systems
Approach
• Coordination of the organization’s parts is
essential for proper functioning of the entire
organization.
• Decisions and actions taken in one area of the
organization will have an effect in other areas of
the organization.
• Organizations are not self-contained and,
therefore, must adapt to changes in their
external environment.
The Contingency Approach
• Contingency Approach Defined
 Also sometimes called the situational approach.
 There is no one universally applicable set of
management principles (rules) by which to manage
organizations.
 Organizations are individually different, face different
situations (contingency variables), and require
different ways of managing.
Exhibit 2–8 Popular Contingency Variables

• Organization size
• As size increases, so do the problems of coordination.
• Routineness of task technology
• Routine technologies require organizational structures,
leadership styles, and control systems that differ from
those required by customized or non-routine
technologies.
• Environmental uncertainty
• What works best in a stable and predictable environment
may be totally inappropriate in a rapidly changing and
unpredictable environment.
• Individual differences
• Individuals differ in terms of their desire for growth,
autonomy, tolerance of ambiguity, and expectations.
 Terms to Know
• division of labor (or job • quantitative approach
specialization) • organizational behavior
• Industrial Revolution (OB)
• scientific management • Hawthorne Studies
• therbligs • system
• general administrative • closed systems
theory • open systems
• principles of management • contingency approach
• bureaucracy