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Chapter 2 Book

This document covers fundamental circuit analysis concepts including Kirchhoff's laws, nodes and loops, series and parallel connections, and voltage and current division. Key points covered include Kirchhoff's current law which states the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero, and Kirchhoff's voltage law which states the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero. Examples are provided for applying these laws to analyze various circuits and solve for unknown voltages and currents.

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20 views

Chapter 2 Book

This document covers fundamental circuit analysis concepts including Kirchhoff's laws, nodes and loops, series and parallel connections, and voltage and current division. Key points covered include Kirchhoff's current law which states the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero, and Kirchhoff's voltage law which states the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero. Examples are provided for applying these laws to analyze various circuits and solve for unknown voltages and currents.

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آشيش
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Voltages and current laws


Topics to be covered
• Nodes, paths, loops and branches
• Kirchhoff’s current law
• Kirchhoff's voltage law
• The single loop circuit
• The single node pair circuit
• Series and parallel connected sources
• Resistors in series and parallel
• Voltage and current division
Nodes, paths, loops and branches
• Node: a point at which two or more
elements have a common connections
• Path: where no node was encountered
more than once
• Loop: the node at which we started is the
same as the node on which we ended
• Branch: single path composed of one
simple element and the node at each end
Nodes, paths, loops and branches

(a) A circuit containing three


nodes and five branches.
(b) Node 1 is redrawn to look like
two nodes; it is still one node.
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
• States that the algebraic sum of the
currents entering any node is zero.
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
• Example: compute current in R3 if the
voltage source supplies 3A current.

• Solution:
iR1+ 5A- 2A- i=0
3A+ 5A- 2A- i=0
i=6A
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
• States that the algebraic sum of the
voltages around any closed path is zero.
• -v1 +v2 –v3 = 0
Example 1
• Find vx and ix

• Solution:
Use kvl: -5-7+vx= 0, so vx= 12V
Use Ohm’s law, ix= vx/100=12/100= 120 mA
Example2

• Find vx
• KVL: -60+v8+v10=0
v8=40V so v10= 20V
• KVL: -v10+v4+vx=0
• KCL: 5A-i10-i4= 0 (i10=20V/10Ω=2 A)
Or i4= 3A, v4= i4x R4= 3x4= 12 V
• KVL -v10+v4+vx=0
Vx= v10 - v4 = 20- 12 = 8V
The single loop circuit
• Elements in a circuit that carry the same
current are said to be connected in series.
Apply KVL:-vS1+vR1+vS2+vR2=0
Apply Ohm’s law:
vR1= R1 i and vR2 = R2 i
-vS1+R1i + vS2 + R2i= 0
i = (vS1 – vS2)/(R1+R2)

V=RI, p=vi or p= i2R


• Example1:Compute the power absorbed
in each circuit element if vS1 = 120V
vS2= 30V, R1=30Ω, R2= 15Ω
Solution:
i

Σ pabsorbed = 0
Σ pabsorbed = Σ psupplied
• Example 2:find the power absorbed by each
circuit element.
The single node pair circuit
• Elements in a circuit having a common voltage across
them are said to be connected in parallel.

• What is v?
• Example: find iA, iB and iC

• Solution:
Series and parallel connected sources

(a) Series connected voltage sources can be replaced by a


single source. (b) Parallel current sources can be replaced
by a single source.
Example1: Find current through 470 Ω resistor.
Sol: total voltage sources= 3+5-1+2=9V
i= 9/470 = 19.15 mA

Example2: which circuits are valid.


Resistors in series and parallel

(a) Series combination of N resistors. (b) Electrically equivalent circuit.


Resistors in series and parallel
Beginning with a simple KCL equation,

or

Thus,

A special case worth remembering is

(a) A circuit with N resistors in


parallel. (b) Equivalent circuit.
• Example 1: determine i
Sol:

• Example2: determine v
Sol:10Ω // 10Ω= 5Ω (parallel)
I = 5-1+6 = 10A
V = IR=10 x 5=50V
Voltage division
We may find v2 by applying
KVL and Ohm’s law:

so

Thus,
An illustration
of voltage
division. or

For a string of N series resistors, we


may write:
• Example: Use voltage division to
determine vx

• Sol: first find 10Ω//10Ω = 5Ω


therefore
Current division
The current flowing through R2 is

or
An illustration of
current division. For a parallel combination
of N resistors, the current
through Rk is
• Example: find i1, i2 and v3 using resistance
combination and current division

• Solution:

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