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Genetic Control: Dna and Rna

The document discusses genetic control and DNA and RNA. It describes the structure of DNA and RNA, including that they are made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA contains the genetic instructions and has the ability to be copied. The document further explains DNA and RNA replication, including the semi-conservative method of replication, as well as genes and mutations. It also outlines protein synthesis, the triplet code, and the roles of DNA, RNA, and tRNA in translating genetic code into proteins.

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34 views18 pages

Genetic Control: Dna and Rna

The document discusses genetic control and DNA and RNA. It describes the structure of DNA and RNA, including that they are made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base. DNA contains the genetic instructions and has the ability to be copied. The document further explains DNA and RNA replication, including the semi-conservative method of replication, as well as genes and mutations. It also outlines protein synthesis, the triplet code, and the roles of DNA, RNA, and tRNA in translating genetic code into proteins.

Uploaded by

rasha nada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Genetic control

DNA and RNA


GENATIC MOLECULES
Made of DNA
Carry instructions
Has the ability to be copied
The structure of DNA and RNA
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA = ribonucleic acid
They are similar to macromolecules
called polynucleotides
Made of smaller molecules known
as nucleotides
nucleotides
•Pentose sugar
•Phosphate group
•Nitrogen containing
base
(adenine – thymine-
guanine – cytosine –
uracil)
Difference between DNA and RNA
DNA molecule RNA molecule
Structure of nuleotides

Sugar base

Uracile (u)
polynucleotides
Many nucleotides linked together
Forming a long chain
Formed inside the nucleus during the interphase
Phosphates linked together, base
projecting sideways
DNA are made of 2 polynucleotides
•The bases are either purines (A,G) or
pyramidines (T,C)
•Purines are larger molecules than pyramidines
•It has a sugar phosphate back bone
•Distance between the back bones is enough
only for one purine and one pyramidine
•Pairing between purine and pyramidine is
precise
•A with T
•C with G
•Bases are linked by H bonds
•DNA is a double helix (3D shape)
•The H bonds can be easily broken breaking the
helix
DNA replication (book p. 107)
Types of replications

One old and one new strand one completely new mixture of old bits
double helix and new bits scattered
randomly
Evidence for the semi-conservative method of DNA replication
 Generation 0 is grown in the
heavy (15N) Nitrogen. This is
represented by the blue
strands.
 It is then moved to a mixture
of light (14N) Nitrogen – red
strand. Now when the DNA
replicates the new strand
will be contain the 14N. This
means that the old strand
contains 15N and the new
strand contains 14N.
 The next two generations are
both kept in light (14N)
nitrogen and so as more
DNA replicates, the new
strands are all made of 14N –
the red strands.
Genes and mutation
Gene = a part of DNA molecule where the nucleotide
sequence codes for just one polypeptide (protein)
Mutation = a change in the nucleotide sequence of a
gene results in a different polypepyide
Protein synthesis
Protein molecules are made up of chains of amino
acids
The shape and behavior of a protein molecules
depends on the exact sequence of these amino acids
The triplet code
Protein-coding DNA can be divided
into codons
sets of three bases
that specify an amino acid
Codons are identified by the bases
that make them up
in the example at right,
 GCA, for guanine, cytosine,
and adenine
Role of DNA , RNA in protein synthesis

Transcription Translatio
n
tRNA
They have a triplet base at on end (anticodone)
A region where an amino acid can attach at the
other
Anticodon of each t RNA links up with a
complementary triplet codon on the m RNA
Start and stop codon

Met UAA, UAC,


UGA
Sickle cell anaemia

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