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Rajat Mishra Asst. Professor Civil Engineering Department

The document discusses sprinkler irrigation systems. It describes how sprinkler systems work by conveying water through pipes and applying it through sprays, simulating natural rainfall in a controlled manner. It then discusses the components and types of sprinkler systems, including portable, semi-portable, and permanent systems. The document outlines the design process for sprinkler systems, including determining water requirements and layout, selecting sprinklers and sizing pipes and pumps.

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Dileesha Weliwaththa
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92 views22 pages

Rajat Mishra Asst. Professor Civil Engineering Department

The document discusses sprinkler irrigation systems. It describes how sprinkler systems work by conveying water through pipes and applying it through sprays, simulating natural rainfall in a controlled manner. It then discusses the components and types of sprinkler systems, including portable, semi-portable, and permanent systems. The document outlines the design process for sprinkler systems, including determining water requirements and layout, selecting sprinklers and sizing pipes and pumps.

Uploaded by

Dileesha Weliwaththa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Rajat Mishra
Asst. Professor
Civil Engineering Department
 3.3.1 Introduction: The sprinkler system is ideal
in areas where water is scarce.
 A Sprinkler system conveys water through pipes
and applies it with a minimum amount of losses.
 Water is applied in form of sprays sometimes
simulating natural rainfall.
 The difference is that this rainfall can be controlled
in duration and intensity.
 If well planned, designed and operated, it can be
used in sloping land to reduce erosion where other
systems are not possible.
Components of a Sprinkler Irrigation
System
Types of Conventional Sprinkler Systems
 a) Fully portable system: The laterals, mains,
sub-mains and the pumping plant are all portable.
 The system is designed to be moved from one
field to another or other pumping sites that are in
the same field.
  b) Semi-portable system: Water source and
pumping plant are fixed in locations.
 Other components can be moved.
 The system cannot be moved from field to field or
from farm to farm except when more than one fixed
pumping plant is used.
 c) Fully permanent system: Permanent laterals,
mains, sub-mains as well as fixed pumping plant.
 Sometimes laterals and mainlines may be buried.
 The sprinkler may be permanently located or moved
along the lateral.
 Itcan be used on permanent irrigation fields and for
relatively high value crops e.g. Orchards and
vineyards.
 Labour savings throughout the life of the system may
later offset high installation cost.
Design of Sprinkler Irrigation System

Objectives and Procedures


Provide Sufficient Flow Capacity to meet
the Irrigation Demand
Ensure that the Least Irrigated Plant
receives adequate Water
Ensure Uniform Distribution of Water.
Design Steps
Determine Irrigation Water Requirements
and Irrigation Schedule
Determine Type and Spacing of
Sprinklers
Prepare Layout of Mainline, Submains
and Laterals
Design Pipework and select Valves and
Fittings
Determine Pumping Requirements.
Choice of Sprinkler System
Consider:
Applicationrate or precipitation rate
Uniformity of Application: Use UC
Drop Size Distribution and
Cost
Sprinkler Application Rate
Must be Less than Intake Rates
Soil Texture Max. Appln. Rates
(mm/hr.)
Coarse Sand 20 to 40

Fine Sand 12 to 25

Sandy Loam 12

Silt Loam 10

Clay Loam/Clay 5 to 8
Effects of Wind
In case of Wind:
Reduce the spacing between Sprinklers:
See table 6 in Text.
Allign Sprinkler Laterals across
prevailing wind directions
Build Extra Capacity
Select Rotary Sprinklers with a low
trajectory angle.
System Layout
 Layout is determined by the Physical Features of
the Site e.g. Field Shape and Size, Obstacles, and
topography and the type of Equipment chosen.
 Where there are several possibilities of preparing
the layout, a cost criteria can be applied to the
alternatives.
 Laterals should be as long as site dimensions,
pressure and pipe diameter restrictions will allow.
 Laterals
of 75 mm to 100 mm diameter can easily
be moved.
 Etc. - See text for other considerations
Pipework Design

This involves the Selection of Pipe Sizes to


ensure that adequate water can be distributed as
uniformly as possible throughout the system
Pressure variations in the system are kept as low
as possible as any changes in pressure may
affect the discharge at the sprinklers
Design of Laterals
Laterals supply water to the Sprinklers
Pipe Sizes are chosen to minimize the pressure
variations along the Lateral, due to Friction and
Elevation Changes.
Select a Pipe Size which limits the total pressure
change to 20% of the design operating pressure
of the Sprinkler.
This limits overall variations in Sprinkler
Discharge to 10%.
Lateral Discharge
The Discharge (QL) in a Lateral is defined as the
flow at the head of the lateral where water is
taken from the mainline or submain.
Thus: QL = N. qL Where N is the number of
sprinklers on the lateral and qL is the Sprinkler
discharge (m3/h)
Selecting Lateral Pipe Sizes
Friction Loss in a Lateral is less than that in a
Pipeline where all the flow passes through the
entire pipe Length because flow changes at every
sprinkler along the Line.
First Compute the Friction Loss in the Pipe
assuming no Sprinklers using a Friction Formula
or Charts and then:
Apply a Factor, F based on the number of
Sprinklers on the Lateral (See Text for F Values)
Selecting Lateral Pipe Sizes Contd.
Lateral Pipe Size can be determined as follows:
Calculate 20% of Sprinkler Operating Pressure
(Pa)
Divide Value by F for the number of Sprinklers to
obtain Allowable Pressure Loss (Pf)
Use Normal Pipeline Head Loss Charts of Friction
Formulae with Calculated Pf and QL to determine
Pipe Diameter, D.
Changes in Ground Elevation
Allowance must be made for Pressure changes
along the Lateral when it is uphill, downhill or
over undulating land.
IfPe1 is the Pressure Difference Due to Elevation
changes:

0.2 Pa  PeL
Pf  for laterals laid uphill
F

0.2 Pa  PeL
Pf  for laterals laid downhill
F
Pressure at Head of Lateral
 The Pressure requirements (PL)where the Lateral joins the
Mainline or Submain are determined as follows:
 PL = Pa + 0.75 Pf + Pr For laterals laid on Flat land
 PL = Pa + 0.75 (Pf Pe) + Pr For Laterals on gradient.
 The factor 0.75 is to provide for average operating pressure
(Pa) at the centre of the Lateral rather than at the distal end.
Pr is the height of the riser.

Diagram of Pressure at Head of Lateral
Selecting Pipe Sizes of Submains and MainLines

As a general rule, for pumped systems, the


Maximum Pressure Loss in both Mainlines and
Submains should not exceed 30% of the total
pumping head required.
This is reasonable starting point for the
preliminary design.
Allowance should be made for pressure changes in
the mainline and submain when they are uphill,
downhill or undulating.
Pumping Requirements
Maximum Discharge (Qp) = qs N Where:
qs is the Sprinkler Discharge and
N is the total number of Sprinklers operating at one time
during irrigation cycle.
 TheMaximum Pressure to operate the system (Total
Dynamic Head, Pp) is given as shown in Example.
Thank you

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