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SEC Project: GROUP:12 Members: Akash Chauhan Akash Yadav Chaitaniay Babu Lal Mohit Gupta

The document discusses the loading effect of a multimeter when measuring voltage across circuits. It defines loading effect as the change to a circuit caused by the internal resistance of the meter. The group aims to observe this effect for low and high resistances. For a high resistance circuit, calculations show the measured voltage drops when the multimeter is connected due to its resistance in parallel with the circuit elements. This demonstrates the loading effect of the multimeter.

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Akash yadav
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32 views

SEC Project: GROUP:12 Members: Akash Chauhan Akash Yadav Chaitaniay Babu Lal Mohit Gupta

The document discusses the loading effect of a multimeter when measuring voltage across circuits. It defines loading effect as the change to a circuit caused by the internal resistance of the meter. The group aims to observe this effect for low and high resistances. For a high resistance circuit, calculations show the measured voltage drops when the multimeter is connected due to its resistance in parallel with the circuit elements. This demonstrates the loading effect of the multimeter.

Uploaded by

Akash yadav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEC

PROJECT
GROUP:12
MEMBERS: AKASH CHAUHAN
AKASH YADAV
CHAITANIAY BABU LAL
MOHIT GUPTA
AIM: TO OBSERVE THE LOADING EFFECT OF A MULTIMETER WHILE MEASURING VOLTAGE ACROSS A LOW RESISTANCE AND
HIGH RESISTANCE

Introduction:
Meters used to measure voltage or current have an internal resistance. Since the meter must be connected to the circuit to make measurement , the circuit is
changed by the resistance of the meter . This is referred to as the meter’s “loading effect”.
Most meters have amplifiers built in so that only a small amount of power is needed from the circuit, and the loading effects are minimized. But this is not in every
meters case.
IN PARALLEL CONNECTED CASE:

A multimeter is connected in parallel with the circuit across which the voltage is being measured .
The loading effect of the meter will be minimal if the resistance is much larger than circuit resistance . Ideally the voltmeter resistance
should be infinite . Practically, most electronic voltmeter have a resistance of 10 megaohms

circuit:-

VM 1
+
V

R2 1k R1 1k

V 1 20
The effect of the volt meter resistance ‘Rvm1’, across circuit element ‘r1’, can calculated using the parallel resistor equation:

R’=[Rvm1.(r1)]/[Rvm1+(r1)]

voltage drop across the r1 is (V’r1)

V’r1=(V1*R’)/(R’+r1)

Actual voltage drop across r1 is(Vr1)

Vr1=[v1.r1]/[r1+r2]
Voltage drop across the voltmeter (Vvm)

Vvm=V’r1-Vr1
=V1.r1{[Rvm1.r1/Rv1+(r1+r2)]-(1/[r1+r2])}

To observe the loading effect of multimeter across the high resistance:

R1=100k
R2=10k
V1=150v
sensitivity of voltmeter=1000 ohm/v

Actual voltage drop across R1:

VM 1
+
V

R2 10k R1 100k

V1 150
VR1=[v1*R1]/[R1+R2]
VR1=150*100k/[100k+10k]
=136.36v
before the connection of voltmeter the voltage drop
across the R1is 136.36v

voltage drop when volt meter connected across the R1:

Resistance of volt meter Rvm1=sensitivity*voltage


=1000*150
=150k ohm
Rvm1//R1=R’=[Rvm1.(R1)]/[Rvm1+(R1)]
=150k*100k/(150k+100K)
=60kohm

V’R1=(V1*R’)/(R’+R1)
=150*60k/(60k+100k)
=56.25v

here we see that actual voltage across R1 is greater than the voltage after connecting volt meter across R1 due to loading effect.
Voltage drop when voltmeter connected across R2:

Actual voltage drop across R2=


VR2=[v1*R2]/[R1+R2]
=150*10k/(10k+100k)
=13.64v

Rvm1//R2=R’=[Rvm1.(R2)]/[Rvm1+(R2)]

VM 1
=150k*10k/(150k+10k)
=9.375kohm

+
V

R2 10k R1 100k

V1 150
V’R2=(V1*R’)/(R’+R2)
=150*9.375K/(9.375K+10K)
=72.580V

here we see that actual voltage across R2 is greater than the voltage after
connecting volt meter across R2, due to loading effect.

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