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Lesson 8:: Determining Probabilities

This document provides instruction on determining probabilities using the normal distribution curve. It reviews using the z-table to find areas under the normal curve corresponding to given z-scores. It then introduces probability notations used with the normal curve, such as P(a<z<b), to denote the probability that a z-score falls between values a and b. Several examples demonstrate using these notations to determine areas under the normal curve graphically. Finally, exercises are provided for the student to determine additional areas using the probability notations.

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Trice Domingo
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1K views

Lesson 8:: Determining Probabilities

This document provides instruction on determining probabilities using the normal distribution curve. It reviews using the z-table to find areas under the normal curve corresponding to given z-scores. It then introduces probability notations used with the normal curve, such as P(a<z<b), to denote the probability that a z-score falls between values a and b. Several examples demonstrate using these notations to determine areas under the normal curve graphically. Finally, exercises are provided for the student to determine additional areas using the probability notations.

Uploaded by

Trice Domingo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 8:

DETERMINING
PROBABILITIES
Review:
Use the z-table to
find the area that
corresponds to each
of the following:
1.)z=0.56 Answer: 0.2123

2.)z=1.32 Answer: 0.4066

3.)z=-1.05 Answer: 0.3531

4.)z=-2.18 Answer: 0.4854

5.)z=-2.58 Answer: 0.4951


STARTING POINT
You have learned the basic
concepts about the areas
under the normal curve. In
this lesson, you will learn
more about this as we
continue to explore the
normal curve distribution.
Check your
readiness by doing
the following
exercise.
ENTRY CARD:
- Determine whether
the statement is True or
False. If false, modify
the statement to make
it true.
1.) Probability
value is a number
from 0 to 1.
True
2.) Probability
value is a number
from -1 to 1.
False
3.) The normal curve
is a probability
distribution.

True
4.) Finding the area of a
region under the curve is
the same as finding the
probability associated
with that region.
True
5.) It is possible to
obtain a probability of
0.000001 under the
normal curve.
True
6.) The z-table refers
to the table of areas
under the normal
curve.
True
GETTING
READY
You have learned that a
standard normal
distribution is a
normal distribution
with µ=0 and Ơ=1.
You have also learned
that a random variable
with a standard normal
distribution, denoted by
X, is called a standard
normal random variable.
Further, you have also seen
that all probabilities
associated with the
standard normal random
variables can be shown as
areas under the standard
normal curve.
Let us learn how to
use the probability
notation in equating
desired probability
to an area.
IN-CLASS ACTIVITY 1

LEARNING THE
PROBABILITY
NOTATIONS UNDER
THE NORMAL CURVE
Task 1:
-Read the following notes
about probability
expressions that you can use
to enhance understanding of
the normal curve
distribution.
The following notations for a
random variable are used in
our various solutions
concerning the normal
curve. Mathematical
notations are convenient
forms of lengthy expressions.
P(a<z<b) denotes the probability
that the z-scores is between a and b.
P(z>a) denotes the probability that
the z-score is greater than a.
P(z<a) denotes the probability that
the z-score is less than a.

Where a and b are z-scores values.


For example, to denote the
area between z=1 and z=2, we
use the notation:
P(1<z<2)=0.1359
which we read as “The
probability that the z-score falls
between z=1 and z=2 is
0.1359.”
With continuous probability
distributions such as the
normal distribution, P(z=a)= 0.
This means that with infinitely
many different possible values,
the probability of getting any
one exact value is 0.
For example, take z=1.22 exactly. A
single point like 1.22 would be
represented graphically by a vertical
line above 1.22 but the vertical line
contains no area, so P(z=1.22)=0. With
any continuous random variable, the
probability of any one exact value is 0.
Thus, it follows that
P(a ≤ Z ≤ b)= P(a<z<b)
It also follows that the
probability of getting a score of
at most b is equal to the
probability of getting a z-score
of less than b. It is important to
correctly interpret key phrases
such as at most, at least, more
than, no more than, and so on.
The illustrations of
these concepts
follow.
Task 2:
•Study the following examples
illustrating improved processes in
determining areas under the
normal curve.
•Provide missing solutions, if any.
•Use the z-table that provided.
ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLES
Case 1.

Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9


The required area, as depicted by
the shaded regions under the curve
in figure 2.8 and figure 2.9, are:

•‘greater than z’
•‘at least z’
•‘more than z’
•‘to the right of z’
•‘above z’
Case 2.

Figure 2.10 Figure 2.11


The required area is:
•‘less than z’
•‘at most z’
•‘no more than z’
•‘not greater than z’
•‘to the left of z’
Task:
- Complete the
solution for each of
the following.
Case 4:The area is ‘between –z
and z’
 
Example 7.
Find the area between z=-1.32 and
z=2.37
 
Task:
Provide the missing solution.
 
EXERCISES:
- Determine each of
the following areas and
show these graphically.
Use probability
notation in your final
answer.
1.) Above z=1.46
2.) Below z=-0.58
3.) Between z=-0.78 and z=-1.95
4.) Between z=0.76 and z=2.88
5.) Between z=-0.92 and z=1.75
6.) To the right of z=1.32
7.) To the left of z=2.78
8.) At most z=-1.5
9.) At least z=1
10.) At least z=-2
ANSWER
KEY:

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