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DC Motor Lecture 3

The document discusses DC motors. It begins by defining DC motors and their basic components - a stator and a rotor. It then explains how DC motors work by converting electrical energy from a power source into mechanical energy through the interaction of magnetic fields and electric current in the rotor. Finally, it covers various types of DC motors classified by their electrical connections, methods for controlling DC motor speed, and factors that affect efficiency like copper and rotational losses.

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528 views

DC Motor Lecture 3

The document discusses DC motors. It begins by defining DC motors and their basic components - a stator and a rotor. It then explains how DC motors work by converting electrical energy from a power source into mechanical energy through the interaction of magnetic fields and electric current in the rotor. Finally, it covers various types of DC motors classified by their electrical connections, methods for controlling DC motor speed, and factors that affect efficiency like copper and rotational losses.

Uploaded by

Fira tube
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture three(3)

Chapter three
DC MOTOR
Dc motor
Motors take electrical energy and produce
mechanical energy
 Electric motors are used to power hundreds of
devices we use in everyday life
 Motors come in various sizes. Huge motors that can
take loads of 1000’s of Horsepower are typically used
in the industry
Cnt...
Electric motors are broadly classified into two different
categories:
DC (Direct Current) and
AC (Alternating Current
electric motors consist of a
 a stator (stationary field) and
 a rotor (the rotating field or armature) and operate through
the interaction of magnetic flux and electric current to
produce rotational speed and torque.
 DC motors are distinguished by their ability to operate from
direct current
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
An electromechanical energy conversion device is
essentially a medium of transfer between an input
side and an output side
Electric Motor
The input is electrical energy (from the supply
source), and the output is mechanical energy (to the
load).
Construction
DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another
set of coils or a set of permanent magnets, called the stator. Applying a voltage
to the coils produces a torque in the armature, resulting in motion.
Stator
 The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.
 The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces.
Rotor
 The rotor is the inner part which rotates.
 The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are
connected to the external circuit through a mechanical commutator.
 Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. The two are
separated by air-gap.
Cnt.......
Winding
A winding is made up of series or parallel connection
of coils.
Armature winding - The winding through which the
voltage is applied or induced.
Field winding - The winding through which a
current is passed to produce flux (for the
electromagnet)
 Windings are usually made of copper
4. DC motor basic principle
4.1 Energy Conversion
If electrical energy is supplied to a conductor
lying perpendicular to a magnetic field, the
interaction of current flowing in the conductor
and the magnetic field will produce mechanical
force (and therefore ,mechanical energy).
4

4.2 Value of Mechanical Force

There are two conditions which are necessary to produce a force on


the conductor
• The conductor must carrying current, and must be within a
magnetic field
• When these two conditions exist, a force will be applied to the
conductor, which will attempt to move the conductor in a
direction perpendicular to the magnetic field
• The force exerted upon the conductor can be expressed as
follows.
• F = B i l Newton .......................(1)
• where B is the density of the magnetic field, l is the length of
conductor, and i the value of current flowing in the conductor
4.3 Principle of operation
This DC or direct current motor works on the
principal, when a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a
tendency to move. This is known as motoring action.
If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the
direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic
field and electric field interact they produce a
mechanical force, and based on that the working
principle of DC motor is established.
Torque developed
• The equation for torque developed in a DC motor can be derived
as follows.
The force on one coil of wire F =i l x B Newton
Note that l and B are vector quantities
Since B = Φ/A where A is the area of the coil,
Therefore the torque for a multi turn coil with an armature
current of Ia:
T = K Φia .....................................(2)
Where Φ is the flux/pole in weber, K is a constant depending on
coil geometry, and
Ia is the current flowing in the armature winding.
Cnt...
The mechanical power generated is the product of the
machine torque and the mechanical speed of rotation,
ωm
Pm = ωmT
= ωmK φ Ia
It is interesting to note that the same DC machine can
be used either as a motor or as a generator, by reversing
the terminal connections.
Reversibility of machine
DC Motor Equivalent circuit
A DC motor has two distinct circuits: Field circuit and
armature circuit. The input is electrical power and the
output is mechanical power
Dc motor classification
DC Machines can be classified according to the electrical
connections of the armature winding and the field
windings
The different ways in which these windings are connected
lead to machines operating with different characteristics.
The field winding can be either self-excited or separately-
excited, that is, the terminals of the winding can be
connected across the input voltage terminals or fed from a
separate voltage source
Separately excited machines
• The armature and field winding are electrically
separate from each other.
• The field winding is excited by a separate DC source

that the total input power = Vf If + VT Ia


2. Self excited machines
In these machines, instead of a separate voltage
source, the field winding is connected across the main
voltage terminals
Shunt machine
 The armature and field winding are connected in
parallel.
 The armature voltage and field voltage are the
same
Cont..
• Total current drawn from the supply, IL = If + Ia
• Total input power = VT IL
Series DC machine
 The field winding and armature winding are connected in series.
 The field winding carries the same current as the armature winding.
 A series wound motor is also called a universal motor. It is universal
in the sense that it will run equally well using either an ac or a dc
voltage source.
Speed Regulation
• The performance measure of interest is the speed
regulation, defined as the change in speed as full
load is applied to the motor

• Where Nno-load is the speed at no load, and Nfull-


load is the speed when full load is applied
Efficiency
 As power flows from DC motor input terminals to the
output (shaft), some losses take place
 Efficiency of the motor can be calculated as the ratio of
output power to the total input power
 total electrical input power,
 Power absorbed by the field winding is in turn converted to
heat and is given by
Cnt..
• Some power is lost in the resistance of the armature
winding, and can be calculated as

• The total power loss taking place in the two


windings (which are made of copper) is the total
copper loss.
• Total copper loss = Field loss + Armature loss
Cnt..
• Power developed and converted into mechanical
power,
• Power developed = Input power – Total copper loss
• The output power and torque are less than the
developed values because of rotational losses, which
include friction, windage, eddy-current and
hysteresis losses. Rotational power loss is
approximately proportional to motor speed
Cnt..
• Power output = Power developed – rotational losses
The efficiency of the DC motor can be calculated as:
Cnt....
DC Motor Speed Control
We know that the back emf for a separately excited
DC motor:

Rearranging the terms


Dc motor speed control
From this equation, it is evident that the speed can be
varied by using any of the following methods:
 Armature voltage control (By varying VT)
 Field Control (By Varying φ)
 Armature resistance control (By varying Ra)
End of Chapter Three

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