NUMERICALS ON VCRS

1
1. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between
evaporator and condenser temperatures of–200C and 350C,
respectively. The system is to be used in producing 5000 kg of ice
at –120C from water at 290 C in 20 hrs. Assuming losses to be 20
percent of the heat to be absorbed from the water, determine:
(a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant,
(b) the heat rejected in the condenser,
(c) the power required by the compression.

2
Solution:
Rate of heat removal ( TRE)
  5000
𝑇𝑅𝐸 = ¿
20 ∗ 60 ∗ 60

𝑇𝑅𝐸=40.17
  𝑘𝑊 (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 :𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 1.2 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 20 % 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 )
From TD data book for Ammonia at -200C h1 = hg and s1 = s g
(See Table B – 1 page No 26)

h
  1=1419 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔 , 𝑠1 =5.6203 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔 𝐾

3
 h3= hf at 350C Refer B-1 Page no 27 do interpolation between 340 and 360

h3= 347kJ/kg
h3= h4
 𝑇𝑅𝐸=𝑚 ∗(1419 −347)
𝑟
 𝑚 =0.03747 𝑘𝑔 / 𝑠
𝑟

Heat rejected in the condenser = mr ( h2-h3) = 0.0374 ( 1708.42-347)

= 51.01kW
Power required = mr ( h2-h1) = 0.0374 ( 1708.42-1419) = 10.85kW

4
2. A R-12 refrigeration system requires to take a load of 54 kW
at an evaporator pressure of 270kPa and a condenser
pressure of 1009kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled by 100
before entering the expansion valve and vapor is superheated
by 140 before entering the compressor. A twin-cylinder
compressor with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be
used at a speed of 27 r/s. The volumetric efficiency is 84%.
Determine:
(a) The quantity of cooling water in the condenser for an 110
increase in temperature,
(b) The bore and stroke,
(c) The compressor power. 5
 Solution:
  =h ′ +𝐶
h 𝑇 −𝑇 1
1 1 𝑃𝑣 ( 1 1 ) =185.8+0.645 ( 14 ) =194.83 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔

  ′ 𝑇1 283
𝑠 1=𝑠 +𝐶 𝑃 𝑣 ∗ ln 1 =0.6950+0.645 ∗ ln
1 =0.7310 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔 𝐾
𝑇1 269
  ′ 𝑇2
𝑠 1= 𝑠 2= 𝑠2 + 𝐶 𝑃 𝑣 ∗ ln 1
𝑇2
  𝑇2
0.7310=0.6815+0.74 ∗ ln
315
𝑇
  2 =335 𝐾
 
′ 1
h =h +𝐶 (𝑇 −𝑇 )=203.50+0.74(335−315)=218.3𝑘𝐽/𝑘 𝑔
2 2 𝑃𝑣 2 2
  ′ ′
h3 =h3 −𝐶 𝑃𝐿 (𝑇 3 −𝑇 3)=76.5 −0.94 ( 10)= 67.1𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
 h3 =h4

6
 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑚 𝑟 ( h1 − h4 )

  𝑇𝑅𝐸 54
𝑚𝑟 = = = 0.4228 𝑘 𝑔 / 𝑠
( h 1 − h4 ) ( 194.83 − 67.1 )
(a) The quantity of cooling water required in the condenser for 110
increase in temperature,
 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 ( 𝐻𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑛)=𝑚 𝑟 ( h2 −h3 )
 𝐻𝑅
𝐶𝑜𝑛 =0.4228 ∗ ( 218.3 −67.1 )=63.93 𝑘𝑊

 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑒 h𝑎𝑣𝑒 , 𝐻𝑅
𝐶𝑜𝑛 =𝑚 𝑤 ∗ 𝐶 𝑃𝑤 ( ∆ 𝑇 ) 𝑤
  𝐻𝑅 𝐶𝑜𝑛 63.93
𝑚𝑤= = =1.388 𝑘 𝑔/ 𝑠
𝐶 𝑃𝑤 ( ∆ 𝑇 )𝑤 4.187 ∗ 11

(b) The bore and stroke

 𝐷 3=15.55533 ∗ 10− 4

8
3. A 2 stage compression NH3 refrigeration system operates
between overall pressure limits of 14 bar and 2 bar. The
temperature of the de-superheated vapor from water
intercooler and subcooled liquid refrigerant from condenser
are maintained at 300C. The de-superheated vapor is mixed
with vapor from flash chamber before going to HPC. The
flash tank separates dry vapor at 5 bar and the liquid
refrigerant then expands to 2 bar and leaves the evaporator
as dry saturated. Estimate the COP of the machine and the
power required to drive the compressor, if the mechanical
efficiency of the drive is 80% and the load on the evaporator
is 10 TR 9
10
 Solution:  

  𝑇𝑅𝐸 10 ∗3.51 ∗3600

′ ′
103.4
  ∗199.6+ 𝑚 4 ∗ 14447.6=( 𝑚 4 +103.4 ) ∗ 322.65
 On solving for m ’ we get
4

 𝑚 4 =𝑚 5=𝑚6 =𝑚 7=11.31+103.4=114.71 𝑘 𝑔/ h 𝑟

Writing energy balance equation for the inlet to the HP compressor

′ ′
 𝑚
3 ∗ h 3 +𝑚 4 ∗h 𝑔 4 =𝑚 4 ∗h 4

103.4 ∗1511.82+ 11.31∗ 1448=114.71 ∗h 4

h  4 =1505.6 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔
′
h
  =h
4 𝑔 4 ′ +𝐶 𝑃𝑣 ( 𝑇 4 − 𝑇 4 )
12
  

  ′ 𝑇4
𝑠 4 =𝑠 𝑔 4 +𝐶 𝑃 𝑣 ∗ ln 1
𝑇4
  27.35+273
¿ 5.2852+ 2.47 ∗ ln = 5.4851𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔 𝐾
4+ 273
  ′ 𝑇5
𝑠 4 = 𝑠5 =𝑠 𝑔 4 +𝐶 𝑃 𝑣 ∗ ln 1
𝑇5
  𝑇5
5.4851=4.19161+2.845 ∗ ln
36.5+273
𝑇
  5 =378 𝐾

 h =1470.9+2.845 ( 378− 309.5 )= 1665.8 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔

13
   103.4
𝑊 𝐿𝑃 =𝑚 𝑟 ( h2 − h1 )= ∗ (1534.32 −1421.7 )=3.235 𝑘𝑊
3600
  114.71
𝑊 𝐻𝑃=𝑚 4 ( h5 − h4 )= ∗ ( 1665.8 −1505.68 ) =5.102 𝑘𝑊
3600

𝑊 𝑇 =𝑊 𝐿𝑃 +𝑊 𝐻𝑃 =3.235+5.102=8.337 𝑘𝑊
  8.337
𝑊 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = =10.42 𝑘𝑊
0.8

  10 ∗3.51
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = =3.37
10.42

14
4. In a 15 TR NH3 plant, compression is carried out in 2-stages with
water and flash intercooling and water sub-cooling. The vapor is
dry at the entry to both HPC and LPC. Condenser pressure is 12
bar and evaporator pressure is 3 bar. Flash intercooler pressure is
6 bar. Limiting temperature for intercooling and sub-cooling is
200C. Estimate: COP ii) Power required for each compressor iii)
Swept volume for each compressor if the volumetric efficiency of
the compressors are 80% each.

15
  
Solution:

16
   𝑇2
𝑠 1= 𝑠 2= 𝑠4 +𝐶 𝑃 𝑣 ∗ ln
𝑇4
𝑇2
5.4449= 5.22+2.53 ∗ ln → 𝑇 2=308.76 𝐾
9.5+273

 h4 =1452.5 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔 , 𝑠 4 =5.22 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔𝐾

h  3 =1452.5+2.53 ( 20 −9.5 ) =1479.1 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔

17
h  5 =1468.5+2.78 ∗ ( 332.6 −304 )=1548 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔
h  6 =h𝑓 𝑎𝑡 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟=328 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔
 

18
 
Writing mass balance for the flash chamber

Writing energy balance equation for the flash chamber

On solving for m4’ we get:

  𝑚 4 ∗ 𝑣 4 167.15 ∗ 0.2092
𝑉 𝑠 𝐻𝑃= = =43.7 𝑚 3 /h 𝑟
𝜂𝑣 0.8 19
5. An ice plant working on NH3 as refrigerant works between
overall pressure limits of 2.5 bar and 15 bar with 3 individual
compressors. It is fitted with multiple expansion valves and flash
chamber with vapor extraction at 5 bar and 10 bar. The load on
the plant is 10 TR. Find the circulation of the refrigerant through
the condenser and the power required to drive the 3
compressors.

20
 SOLUTION:

,,,

21
h  11 =h 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟=1464.9 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔 𝑠  11 =𝑠 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟=5.03 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔𝐾
h  3 =h𝑓 𝑎𝑡 15 𝑏𝑎𝑟=366 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔=h 4
h  5 =h𝑓 𝑎𝑡 10 𝑏𝑎𝑟=299 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔=h 6
h  7 =h𝑓 𝑎𝑡 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟=200 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔=h 8
  𝑇2
𝑠 1= 𝑠 2= 𝑠 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 15 𝑏𝑎𝑟 +𝐶 𝑃 𝑣 ∗ ln ′
𝑇3
  𝑇2
5.53= 4.8840+2.88 ∗ ln
39+273
𝑇
  2 =390.5 𝐾

 h ′
2 = h 𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 +𝐶 𝑃𝑣 ( 𝑇 2 −𝑇 3 )

 
¿
¿  1697.85 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔 22
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦
  𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑇 10=358.5 h𝐾10, =1605.82 𝑘 𝐽 / 𝑘 𝑔 ,
  12 =328.2 𝐾 h
𝑇   12 =1518.6 𝑘 𝐽 /𝑘 𝑔

  𝑚9
0.07933 = → 𝑚 9=8.86 𝑘 𝑔 / h 𝑟
102.94 +𝑚 9

23
 Writing energy balance for the FC2
 

  𝑚 11
0.05746 = →𝑚 11 =6.81 𝑘 𝑔/ h 𝑟
111.75 +𝑚 11 24
 

25
6. A R-12 system has 3 evaporators and a single compressor. The
evaporator capacity is 30TR, 20TR and 10 TR respectively. The
temperature in the 3 evaporators is to be maintained at -100C,
50C and 100C respectively. The condenser pressure is 9.6 bar.
The liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser is sub-cooled to
300C. The vapors leaving the evaporators are dry and saturated.
Assuming isentropic compression, find;
(i) The mass of refrigerant flowing through each evaporator
(ii) Power required to drive the system
(iii) COP

26
 

Writing energy balance for the lowest

  7 ∗ h7 +3.51 ∗30=𝑚 8 ∗h 8
𝑚
27
   3 ∗ 40.66+ 3.51∗ 30=𝑚 3 ∗183.1
𝑚
  30 ∗3.51
𝑚 3= =0.7393 𝑘 𝑔/ 𝑠
( 183.1 −40.66 )

Writing energy balance for the intermediate temperature evaporator (50C)

 ( 𝑚 2+ 𝑚2 ) ∗ h5 +3.51∗ 20= 𝑚 2 ∗ h9 +𝑚 3 ∗ h6

Writing energy balance for the maximum temperature evaporator (100C)

 𝑚 ∗ h 4+3.51 ∗ 10=(𝑚 2+𝑚 3 )∗ h𝑎 +𝑚 1 ∗h10

28
 

 Writing energy balance for the three stream mixing point

29
 

 P

30
7. A refrigeration system using R-12 consists of 3 evaporators of
capacities 20 TR at 100C, 30 TR at 50C and 10 TR at -100C. The
vapor leaving the 3 evaporators are dry and saturated. The
system is provided with individual compressors and multiple
expansion valves. The condenser temperature is 400C and the
liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser is sub-cooled to 30 0C.
Assuming isentropic compression in each compressor, find; Mass
of refrigerant flowing through each evaporator ii) Power required
to drive the system iii) COP

31
Solution:
   

32
 

33
 

34
 Writing energy balance for the lowest temperature evaporator (-100C)

Writing energy balance for the intermediate temperature evaporator (50C)

35
 Writing energy balance for the maximum temperature evaporator (100C)

  ( 20+30+10¿∗3.51
𝐶𝑂𝑃= =7.11
29.64 36
8. A cascade refrigeration system is designed to supply 10 TR of
refrigeration at an evaporator temperature of -550C and a
condenser temperature of 250C. The load at -550C is absorbed by
a unit using R22 as the refrigerant and is rejected to a cascade
condenser at -200C. The cascade condenser is cooled by a unit
using R-12 as the refrigerant and operating between -300C
evaporator temp and 250C condenser temperature. The
refrigerant leaving the R-12 condenser is subcooled to 200C but
there is no sub-cooling of R-22 ref. The vapor leaving both the
evaporators are dry and saturated and the compression is
isentropic
37
  

  =h 𝑎𝑡 −20 0 𝐶=21.716 𝑘𝐽 / 𝑘𝑔 ¿ h
h 3 𝑓 4

38
 

PR for R22

39
 For the top cycle For R12 cycle
 

Pressure ratio for R12

40
 

41