CHAPTER 2

INTEGRATION

12/08/21 1
 CONTENT

2.0 Introduction
2.1 Indefinite and Definite Integral
2.2 Rules of Integration
2.3 Integration of Certain Function
2.4 Techniques of Integration
2.5 Application of Definite Integral
2.0 INTRODUCTION
In differentiation, we are given y  f ( x )
& required to find the derivative of the function
that is dy
dx
In the reverse process that is called integration,
we are given dy  f ( x ) and required to find y.
dx

Differentiation / Derivative

y  f (x) dy
dx
Integration / Anti- derivatives
(Reverse process of
differentiation)
2.1 INDEFINATE AND DEFINITE INTEGRAL
2.1.1 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
dy
For example, let us consider;  2x
dx
  1dy   2 xdx

Anti y   2 xdx
derivative of C is
Definition: 2x  x2  C
constant
 Let F be an anti derivative of the function f. The
indefinite integral of f denoted by

 f  x dx  F  x   C
Integral Anti
sign Integrate f derivative
with respect
to x.
2.1.2 DEFINITE INTEGRAL
dy
For example, let us consider;  2x
dx
1 1

 
 1dy  2 x dx
0 0
1

Anti

y  2 x dx substitute
0
the value
derivative of  x 2 1
0 into x
2x
Definition:  12  0  1unit 2
 Let F be an anti derivative of the function f. The
definite integral of f denoted by
b

 f  x  dx   F  x   a  F  b   F  a 
b

a
2.3 RULES OF INTEGRATION

1)
 kdx  kx  C where k is constant.

2)
 kf  x  dx  k  f  x  dx
1 n 1
3)  x dx  x C
n

n 1
4)   f  x   g  x  dx
  f  x  dx   g  x  dx

 ax  b 
n 1

  ax  b  dx 
n
5) C
 n  1 d  ax  b 
dx
Example 1
Integrate the following with respect to x:

3x 7  4x
1)
 6dx 7)
 x 5
dx

2)
 x 6 dx 8)
 43 x 5 dx

3)  x 5 dx
9) 
15
5
dx
x
4)  3 x 3dx 1
10)
 x
dx
 2 1 
5)   x  3  3 dx
 x  x
3
2  2x
3
2x  4
11)
 x
dx
6)
 x 2
dx
Solution
Example 2
Evaluate the following integrals:

3 3
15
1) 
2
4 dx 6)  x 6
dx
1

2)  1
x 3 dx

3) 
0
x  2 dx

4) 
1
3 x 2 dx

1
2x 3  4
5)

0
x 3
dx
Solution
Example 3

Integrate each of the following functions;

3
a)   2x  1 dx
3
e)   5  2x  2
dx

4 2
2
b)   3  6x  dx f) 
1
3
 2x  3  6 dx
1
c)
3

  5 x  2
3
3 dx
g)
  x  2 4 dx
0
4
1

11
d) dx 3
 2x  3 2 h)
 7 2 x  3 
3
2 dx

Solution
2.4 INTEGRATION OF CERTAIN FUNCTION
2.4.1INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC

1) cos x dx  sin x  C 4)  cos ec 2 x dx   cot x  C


2) sin x dx   cos x  C 5)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C

6)  cos ec x cot x dx   cos ec x  C


3) sec x dx  tan x  C
2

Example 4
Find the integral of;

  2 cos x  sec x  dx
sin x
1) 3)

2
2
dx
cos x
2) Solution
  cos x  2 sin x  dx
2.4.2 INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
In GENERAL, EXPONENTIAL function can be integrated
as follows:
e ax  b
 e dx  d C
ax  b

 ax  b 
dx
Example 5
Determine the following integrals:
2
1)  e x dx 5) 
e x
dx
3
 6)  3 x  2e
2 x 2
2) 5 e x dx dx
e
4e 4 x  5
2 t 7) 
3)
 3
e dt 3
dx

4)  6e t  4t dt 8)  8e 2 x  3  e 4 x dx
2.4.3 INTEGRATION OF LOGARITHM
FUNCTION
In GENERAL, LOGARITHM function can be integrated as
follows:
1 ln ax  b
 ax  b
dx 
d
C
 ax  b 
dx
Example 6
Determine the following integrals:
5
1)
1
 dx 5)  5x  2
dx
x
 3 
2)
2

x
dx 6)  
 2x  9
 4 x  dx

2
3) 3 dt 
 4t 7) 3 2 x 1
dx

 2 
4) 
1
3t  2
dt 8)  
 8x  3
 e 4 x  dx

Example 7
Evaluate the following integrals:
5 
1)
 6xdx
1
4)  sin x dx


2
4
2)

3
x dx
1
5) 
2
5e x dx

4
3) 5

5
dx 6) 3
1
5 x  4 
1
x4
dx
Properties of definite integrals

Example 8
3 6

If  f  x  dx  5 and  f  x  dx  7 , evaluate;
1 3

6 3 3
1)
 f  x dx 2)
  f  x   3dx
1
3)
  f  x   2x dx
1 6
2.5 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION
2.5.1INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

OBJECTIVE: to change a composition function to the

standards function so that the standard / basic
methods of integration can be applied.
Let us consider a new variable and by using the Chain
Rule;
d
F  g  x    F  g  x  .g  x 
dx Therefore,
 f  g  x  .g  x 

then let g  x   u  f  g  x  .g  x dx   f  u du

 F u   C
du
g  x    du  g  x  dx  F g x  C
dx
Example:
Use substitution method to integrate x  x  1
2 10
.
Solution:
let say u  x 2  1
du
 2x
dx
du
 x dx
2
Hence,
x  x 2  1 dx  u 10
du
 
10

2
1  u 11 
    C
2  11 
Replace u  x 2  1 , therefore
 x  1 2 11

 x  x  1 dx  22
10
2
C
Summary of the procedure of finding the integration
by substitution;
Choose a
substitution u.

Calculate du
dx

Use the substitution to

simplify
f  x  dx

No
Is the result Try a different
integral easier substitution of u.
to evaluate?

Yes
Evaluate it.

Rewrite the substitution in

term of x.
Example 9

Solve the following integrations;

x   x e dx
1) 7) 2 x3
2
 4 2 xdx

 3x  x  1 dx
2)
2
8) 5
  x  8 dx
2 3
4

 2 xe
x2
3) dx

2
9) sin x cos xdx
 ln x  2 dx
 
2 3
4) 10) sin x cos xdx
x
2x
5)  x 2  1 dx Solution

6)  tan xdx
Example 10

Evaluate the following integral


3 
2
a)
  1  sin x dx c) 2
x x 2  2dx b)
2 0
  cos x  2 sin x dx
0

Solution

a) Step 1: Use substitution method, let; Step 2: Determine interval of u;

u  x2  2 x  3; u  3 2  2  11
du x  2; u  22  2  6
 2 x, du  2 xdx
dx
11
 3  3 3

1  211 2 2 6  2 
11 1 11 1
du 1 1  2u 
2
Step 3: u 2

2

2 
u du  
2
2 3   2 3  3 
6 6    
6

1
  24.32  9.8  7.26
2
2.5.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION

OBJECTIVE: to use PARTIAL FRACTION to solve a rational function problem (quotient

polynomials, ) that cannot be integrated by any basic integration method.
  f  x
 
 g x 
PARTIAL FRACTION is a process of decomposing a function.

must be a proper fraction (which means that degree of f(x) < degree of g(x)).

 f  x 
 
 g x 
2.5.2.1 INTEGRATING A RATIONAL FUNCTION
WITH LINEAR FACTORS
Proper function with linear (of degree one) factors involved.
 f  x 
The partial fraction decomposition  g  x   of the function contains the
sum of;
A B C
   .... where A, B, C, … are constant.
 ax  b   cx  d   ex  f 

Example:
1
Integrate using partial fractions;
x x2
2

Solution:
Step 1 : Check the linear factor of the denominator. The partial fraction
decomposition has the form;
1 1

x 2  x  2  x  1 x  2
A B
 
 x  1  x  2
Step 2 :To determine A & B, we clear the fractions by multiply both sides
 x  1 x  2 ; 1  A( x  2)  B( x  1)
To solve for A & B, two methods can be use;
a)By substitution b)By equating coefficients & solve as
Let x  1, simultaneous equation
1  A(1  2)  B(1  1) 1  Ax  2 A  Bx  B
1
1  A 3  A  1   A  B  x   2A  B 
3
Let x  2, System of equation; A  B  0  1
2 A  B  1   2
1  A( 2  2)  B( 2  1)
1  B  3 B  
1 1   2
3 A  2A  0  1
3A  1
1
A
3
from (1), B   A
1
B  
3
Step 3 : Substitute A and B;
1 1 1
 
x 2  x  2 3 x  1 3 x  2

Step 4 : The integration;

1 1 1
x 2
x 2
dx  
3 x  1
dx  3 x  2 
dx

1 1 1 1
 
3  x  1
dx  
3  x  2
dx

1 1
 ln x  1  ln x  2  C
3 3
1 x 1
 ln C
3 x2
Example 11
Determine the following integrals:

x 3
8
y
1)   x  2 x  4
dx 5) 
4
y 2  2y  3
dy

4
5x  7 7x
2)   x  1 x  3
dx 6) 
2
x2  x  2
dx

1
7) 5 x  13
x 1

2
dx
3)
 x2  x  2
dx
0
 x  3 x  2
2
x4
4) 
1
dx 8)  x  5x  6
2
dx
x  x  1 x  2 0
2.5.2.2 INTEGRATING A RATIONAL FUNCTION
WITH REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
If the factors of g ( x ) are repeated linear factors, then the partial
fraction decomposition of  f  x  n  contains the sum of;
  g x 

A B C
   ...... where A, B, C, … are constant
 ax  b   ax  b  2  ax  b  3

Example:
6x  7
Integrate  dx using partial fractions;
 x  2
2

Solution:
Step 1 : Check the linear factor of the denominator. The partial fraction
decomposition has the form;
6x  7 A B
 
 x  2 2  x  2  x  2  2
Step 2 :To determine A & B, we clear the fractions by multiply both sides
 x  2 2 ; 6 x  7  A( x  2)  B
 Ax   2 A  B 
To solve for A & B, two methods can be use;
By equating the coefficients, solve for A and B
A6
2A  B  7
B  7  2 6 
 5

Step 3 : The integration;

6x  7 6 5
  x  2 2
dx   x2
dx    x  2 2
dx

1
 dx  5  x  2 dx

2
6
x2
5 x  2 
1
 6 ln x  2  C
  1
5
 6 ln x  2  C
x2
Example 12
Determine the following integrals:

x
1)   x  1 2
dx

2x
2)   x  2 2
dx

x4
3)   x  1 2
dx

x 2  6x  3
4)   x  2 3
dx
2.5.2.3 INTEGRATING A RATIONAL FUNCTION
WITH REPEATED QUADRATIC FACTORS
Proper function with quadratic (of degree two) factors involved.
The partial fraction decomposition  f  x   of the function contains the
 g x 
sum of;
Ax  B Cx  D Ex  F
   .... where A, B, C,….are constant
x  px  q  x  px  q 
2 2 2
 x  px  q 
2 3

Example:
 3x 3  x
Integrate 2 2 using partial fractions;
x  1
Solution:
Step 1 : Check the linear factor of the denominator. The partial fraction
decomposition has the form;
 3x 3  x Ax  B Cx  D
 
x 2
 1
2
x 2  1  x 2  1 2
Step 2 :To determine A & B, we clear fractions by multiply both sides
 x 2  1 2 ;  3x 3  x   Ax  B   x 2  1  Cx  D 
 Ax 3  Bx 2   A  C  x   B  D 
By equating the coefficients, solve for A, B, C and D
A 3 B 0
AC 1 B  D 0
C 2 D 0
Step 3 : The integration;
 3x 3  x  3x 2x
 x 2
 1
2
dx   x2 1
dx   x 2
 1
2
dx

use substitution method to solve the integration;

u  x2 1 du  2 x dx
du
 x dx
2
 3x 3  x 3 1 1
  x 2  1 2
dx  
2 u
du  
u2
du 
3
 ln u  u 1  C
2
3 1
  ln x 2  1  2 C
2 x 1
2.5.2.4 INTEGRATING A RATIONAL FUNCTION
WITH LINEAR AND QUADRATIC FACTORS
Example:
Integrate x 2  4 x  23 using partial fractions;
 x 2  4  x  3 
Solution:
Step 1 : Check the linear factor of the denominator. The partial fraction
decomposition has the form;
x 2  4 x  23 Ax  B C
 
 x 2  4 x  3 x 2  4 x  3
Step 2 : Multiply both sides by  x  4  x  3and then combine the terms
2

on the right;
x 2  4 x  23   Ax  B  x  3   C  x 2  4 
  A  C  x 2   3 A  B  x   3B  4C 
By equating the coefficients, solve for A, B and C
A  C 1  1st equation
3A  B  4  2nd equation
3B  4C   23  3 rd equation
A  3 , B   5, C   2
Step 3 : The integration;
x 2  4 x  23 3x  5 2
  x 2  4 x  3 
dx 
x2  4
dx 

x 3
dx

3x 5 2
 
x2  4
dx
x2  4
dx 

x 3
dx

use substitution method to solve the integration;

du
u  x2  4  x dx
2
du
 2x
dx
x 2  4 x  23 3 1 5 2
 
x  4  x  3
2
dx 
2 u 
du   2
x 4
dx   x 3
dx

3 5
 ln x 2  4  ln x 2  4  2 ln x  3  C
2 2x
Example 13
Determine the following integrals:

1 5) 2x 2  5x  1
1)  x 2
 1
2
dx  x  x  1
2
dx

y 2  2y  1 x 1
2)  y 2
 1
2
dy 6)  x  x 2  2
dx

1
1 x 3  3x 2  3x  4
3) 
0
 x  1  x 2  1
dx 7)  x  x  3
2 2
dx

x2  x  3
2
4x 3  4x 2  x  1
4)  x  x  1
2
dx 8)
 1
x  x  1
2 2
dx
2.5.3 INTEGRATION BY PART
OBJECTIVE: To simplify the integral to the form of that cannot be integrated by
other basic integration techniques.

 f  x  g  x  dx
It is useful when can be differentiated repeatedly & can be integrated repeatedly
without difficulty.

The formula;
or it can be simplified as
f  x
g x

 f  x  g  x  dx  f  x  g  x    f  x  g  x  dx

 u dv  uv   v du
Example:
Integrate  x cos x dx .

Solution:
Step 1: Identify u and dv .
ux dv  cos x dx

Step 2: Determine the differential of u and integrating dv to

obtain du & v.
du  dx v  sin x

Step 3: Substitute in the formula & solve it.

 u dv  uv   v du
 x cos x dx  x sin x   sin x dx
 x sin x    cos x   C
 x sin x  cos x  C
Example:
Integrate  x 2e x dx .

Solution:
Step 1: Identify u and dv .
u  x2 dv  e x dx

Step 2: Determine the differential of u and integrating dv to

obtain du & v.
du  2 x dx v  ex

Step 3: Substitute in the formula & solve it.

 u dv  uv   v du
 x e dx  x e  2 xe
2 x 2 x x
dx
Step 4: Integrate  xe x dx by integration by parts again;
ux dv  e x dx
du  dx v  ex

 
xe x dx  xe x  e x dx  xe x  e x  C

Hence;

 
x 2 e x dx  x 2 e x  2 xe x dx


 x 2 e x  2 xe x  e x  C 
 x 2 e x  2 xe x  2e x  C
Example 14
Determine the following integrals:

1)
 ln x dx 5)
 t 2 cos t dt

2) e
x
cos x dx 6)  x 3 ln x dx


4
7) x 2 sin x dx
3)
xe
x
dx
0
1

4)
 x 2e x dx 8) x
0
1 x dx
2.6 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
2.6.1 AREA UNDER A CURVE
The area under the graph of the curve over an interval [a,b] on the x-
axis and of the curve over an intervals [c,d] on the y-axis are given by:

y y

d
B

A c

a b x x
b d

A   f ( x)dx B   f ( y )dy
a c
2.6.1.1 AREA OF REGION ABOVE THE X-AXIS

Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x  1 and x-axis
2

for x in [0, 4].

Solution:
4
Area   x 
 1 dx
2

0
4
 x3 
  x
3 0
 64 
  4  0
 3 
76
 unit 2
3
Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x 2  1 and x-axis
for x in [-4, 0].

Solution:

0
Area   x  1dx
2

-4
0
 x3 
  x
3  -4
  64 
  0   4 
  3 
76
 unit 2
3
2.6.1.2 AREA OF REGION BELOW THE X-AXIS
b

Area , A   f ( x ) dx    F ( b )  F ( a )

a

Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y   x and x-axis for
x in [0, 4].
4
Area    - x dx
Solution: 0
4
  x dx
0
4
 x2 
 
 2 0
 16 
 0
 2 
 8 unit 2
Example:
Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x and x-axis for
3

x in [-1, 0].

Solution: 0
Area    x 3 dx
-1
0
 x4 
 
 4  -1
 1
  0  
 4
1
 unit 2
4
2.6.1.2 AREA BETWEEN CURVES

In some practical problems, we may have to compute the area

between two curves.

If f and g are continuous and satisfy f  x   g  x  on the closed interval

[a, b], then the area between two curves y  f  x  and y  g  x  is given by
b b

Area , A    f  x   g  x  dx
a
or Area, A   Top curve  Bottom curve dx
a
 A

If f and g are continuous and satisfy f  y   g  y  on the closed interval

[a, b], then the area between two curves x f y
andx  g y  is given
by
d d

Area , A    f  y   g  y  dx
c
or Area, A   Top curve  Bottom curve dy
c
 Example:
Determine the area of the region bounded by y  2 x  10 and y  4 x  16
2

Solution
Step1: Find the intersection points of the 2 curves(for getting limits).
2 x 2  10  4 x  16
2x2  4x  6  0
2 x  1 x  3  0

Step 2: Integrate the area by using the formula.

Example 14
1. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the
function: f (x) = ½ x + 3 and g (x) = x2 and the vertical lines
x = -1 and x = 1.

2. Find the area of the region between the curves y = x3 and

y = x2 – x on the interval [0, 1].