Introduction to R

What R covered…
• Basic introduction of R
• Features of R
• Programming features of R
• Exploring RGUI and RStudio
• Basic concepts in R
• Working with R environment
• Handling data in R workspace.
• Reading datasets and exporting data from R
BIG DATA WITH 5 V’S
 BIG DATA AND HADOOP
 BigData processing with tools and techniques of
Hadoop.
 Hadoop is an open source, Java-based programming
framework.
 Hadoop supports the processing and storage of
extremely large data sets.
 The processing uses a framework called as MapReduce.
 A storage with distributed file system called HDFS.

 Data analysis and visualization is required.

 It is possible with R.
• R is a programming language and software
environment for statistical analysis, graphics
representation and reporting.

• R was written by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman

at the Department of Statistics of the University of
Auckland in Auckland, New Zealand.

• Name of R language is derived from the initial letters

of name of its authors.
• R made its first appearance in 1993.
• R language is developed by the R Development Core
Team (R Core Team) who can modify the R source
code archive.
• R is freely available under the GNU General Public
License.
• Pre-compiled binary versions are provided for various
operating systems.
• R programs can be compiled and run on a variety of
Linux, Windows and Mac.
• R is a data analysis and visualization tool.
• It allows you to represent complex data in form of
charts, plots and graphs.
• It provides a variety of statistical and graphical
techniques for data analysis and visualization.
• RGUI and RStudio are the commonly used GUI editor
of R language.
• To handle R projects, developers use a command line
interface and several graphical front-ends.
 Exploring features of R
• R is a programming language and software
environment for statistical analysis, graphics
representation and reporting.

• R is a well-developed.
• R is a simple and effective programming language
includes conditionals, loops, functions & input &
output facilities.

• R has an effective and powerful data handling and

storage facility.
 Exploring features of R
• R provides a suite of operators for calculations on
arrays, lists, vectors and matrices.
• R provides a large, coherent and integrated collection
of tools for data analysis.
• R provides data analysis and graphical facilities.
• R is extended through various predefined and user-
defined functions and packages.

• R is strong object-oriented programming language.

 Programming features of R
• R is an interpreted language.
• It uses command line interpreter for execution of
commands.

• R supports matrix arithmetic.

• R includes data structures like scalars, vectors,

matrices, data frames and lists.

• R provides an extensible object system.

 Programming features of R
• R support for procedural programming with
functions.

• R support for object-oriented programming with

generic functions.

• R language can be used with several scripting

languages like Python, Perl, Ruby etc.

• R programming development support several text

editors and integrated development environment
(IDE).
Three things in one single tool:
Data Manipulation:
• R allows the data scientist to shape the data set into
a format.
Data Analysis:
• Any kind of statistical data analysis could be found in
R. 4000 packages to implement various statistical
analysis tools.
Data Visualization:
• R is "the package" for data visualization.
 WHY R IMPORTANT FOR DATA
SCIENCE?
 You can run your code without any Compiler –
 R is an interpreted language.
 Hence we can run Code without any compiler.
 R interprets the Code and makes the development of code
easier.
 Many calculations done with vectors –
 R is a vector language, so anyone can add functions to a
single Vector without putting in a loop.
 R is powerful and faster than other languages.
 Statistical Language-
 R used in biology, genetics as well as in statistics.
 R is a turning complete language where any type of task can
perform.
 WHY IS R GOOD FOR BUSINESS?
Ris good for business:
It is an open source.
R is great for visualization.

As per new research, R has far more capabilities as

compared to earlier tools.

For data-driven business, data science talent

shortage is a very big problem.

Companies are using R programming as their

platform and recruit trained users of R.
 GROWTH AND SALARY IN R
 The average salary of people who are having R skills

Data Scientist- Rs 805,656

Data Analyst- Rs 495,199

Data Scientist,IT- Rs 723,362

Analyst Manager- Rs1,552,127

Senior Data Analyst- Rs 734,851

Business Analyst- Rs 580,006

Analyst Consultant- Rs 785,051

 WHO USES R?
 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau uses R for
data analysis.

 Statisticians
at John Deere use R for time series
modelling and geospatial analysis in a reliable and
reproducible way.

 Bank of America uses R for reporting.

 ANZ, the fourth largest bank in Australia, using R for
credit risk analysis.
 Google uses R to predict Economic Activity.
 Mozilla (Firefox web browser) uses R to visualize Web
activity.
WHERE R USED?
 Packages
• A package is collection of functions and datasets.

• R provides two types of packages:

• Standard packages:
-Base packages, in-built packages
-It contains basic functions and datasets of R.

• Contributed packages:
-User-defined packages.
-Packages written by various users.
 GUI-Graphical User Interface
• R language has several editors.
• RGUI
• Rstudio
• Deducer
• RKWard
• Rweka
• Eclipse StartET
• Emacs Speaks Statistics
• jEdit
 Common GUI for R

• RGUI
• Specifies a tool with pre-compiled version of R for
Microsoft Windows.

• Rstudio
• Specifies cross-platform and open source IDE for R
programming development.
 Exploring RGUI

• RGUI- R Graphical User Interface

• RGUI consists of
-R Console
-Development of program
-Quitting R
 Exploring RStudio
• RStudio is a code editor and development
environment.

• It provides integrated tools to develop productive R

programs.

• Download and install RStudio from

http://www.rstudio.org
 Exploring RStudio
Rstudio window contains following panes:
• Script pane- Top left corner
• Console pane- Bottom left corner
• Workspace/History pane- Top right corner
• Files, Plots, Package and Help pane- Bottom right
corner
-Files- allows to browse folders and file
-Plots- to display user’s plot
-Packages- to view all installed packages
-Help- to browse built-in help system
R STUDIO
 Handling Basic expressions in R
• Symbol “>” is R prompt.

• Character after # treated as comments.

• To view information about handling of console

through keyboard
HelpConsole

• Basic Data types.

• Mathematical operators.
• Perform basic Arithmetic in R.
 Variables in R
• Variables are symbols that are used to contain and
store values.

• Two ways to assign a value to a variable in R.

• Using the “=” symbol

>Num=20
>a=20

• Using “<-” symbol

>Num<-20
>a<-20
 Calling functions in R
• To invoke predefined functions in R, type their names
on R console.

• Pass comma separated parameters as arguments

within parentheses.

• Predefined functions in R:
>sum(10,12,13)
>rep(“Hello”, 5)
>sqrt(100)
 Working with Vectors
• Vector can be defined as a single entity consisting of
an ordered collection of numbers.

• Numerical vector consists of multiple numbers, as an

array.

• Vector is logical elements that holds values.

• Vectors can also store objects or collection of

objects.

• Easily increase or decrease container size of vector.

 Working with vector
• Constructing a vector in R.
• Using function c() to create vector.
>c(10,20,30,40,50)
10 20 30 40 50
• Combining text values
>hw<-c(“Hello”, “World”)
“Hello” “World”
• Using ‘:’ operator between range of numbers.
>1:6
123456
• Calculation with vector
>sum(1:6)
 Storing & calculating values in R
• R allows to store intermediate results for other
calculations.
• Store values in R:
• Assign values to variable
>x=1:6
123456
>y=30
• Addition of variables in R
>z=x+y
31 32 33 34 35 36
• Combining text values in R
>hw<-c(“Hello”, “World”)
 Creating and using objects
• R uses objects to store the result of computation.

• Object creation in R:
object.name= mathematical.expression

>myobj=20
>myobj
20
>myobj=25+12/2-16
>myobj
5
 Interacting with users
• We can write R script to interact with users.
• The readline() function helps to ask questions from
user.

• The paste() function to display the concatenation of

the text values saved in variables.

>msg=“Welcome ”
>yourname=readline(“What is your name?”)
What is your name?CSE
>paste(msg, yourname)
“Welcome CSE”
 Handling data in R workspace
• R working environment includes variables, functions,
vectors, matrices, data frames and lists.

• R uses various function to handle data in R

workspace.

• Functions in R:
-The ls() function
-The rm() function
-The getwd() function
-The save() function
-The load() function
 The ls() function
• The ls() function is used to view/list all created
variables in current active R workspace.

>ls()
>msg=“Hello”
>myobj=25+12/2-16
>hw=c(“Hello”, “World”)
>ls()
“hw” “msg” “myobj”
 The rm() function
• The rm() function is used to remove the variables
that are not required anymore in a session.
>rm()
>msg=“Hello”
>myobj=25+12/2-16
>hw=c(“Hello”, “World”)
>ls()
“hw” “msg” “myobj”
>rm(hw)
>ls()
“msg” “myobj”
 The getwd() function
• getwd()- Get working directory

• The getwd() function is used to display the current

working directory of the user.

>getwd()
“D:/Myfiles”
 The save() function
• save()-save created variables.

• The save() function is used to save the variables

created in active session.

• Save value of variable also.

>msg=“Hello”
>save(msg, file=“name.rda”)

• To check saved file:

File Display file(s)
 The load() function
• load()- retrieve saved data.
• The load() function is used to retrieve the saved data.
• Create variable msg
>msg=“Hello”
>save(msg, file=“msg.rda”)
>msg
“Hello”
>rm(msg)
>ls()
>load(“msg.rda”)
>ls()
“msg”
>msg
“Hello”
 Executing Scripts
• Create script and execute it.
• Two ways:
• Create script using R Editor directly in RGUI and
execute it.
-In RGUI, open R Editor, select File New Script

• Create script in notepad, open it in R Editor in RGUI

and execute it.
-Open notepad and write script.
-Save it with script.txt
-Open RGUI tool  File Open script
-To execute all commands listed in script.txt
-Select Edit Run all
 script.txt

print(“Hello World”)
p<-1:5
P
q<-20
r<-p+q
r
ls()
 Reading & writing data from R
• Analysis can not perform without data.

• Big data analytics includes creating complex samples,

examining lengthy sets of data, putting data into R for
computational purpose.

• Reading data To import data from other source to

R
• Writing data To move processed data out of R.
Export data from R to other source.
 Reading & writing data from R
R commands to import data into R:
• Using c() command
• Using scan() command
• Using read.csv()
• Using read.table()

R commands to export data from R:

• Using write.csv()
• Using write.table()
 Using c() command
• The c() command is used to combine or concatenate
two or more values.

• Syntax for c() command is:

>c(item1, item2, item3, item4)

• Assign combined values to a variable:

>items=c(item1, item2, item3, item4)

• The c() command is used to read data values of a

small dataset.
• Data can be in numeric as well as in text format.
 Reading & combining Numeric data
• Numerical values are passed within the parentheses
of c() command.
• Multiple values are separated with comma.
>c(10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20)
>c
>items= c(11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20)
>items
>sample=c(21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30)
>sample
>set=c(items, 31,32,333,34,35)
>set
>dataset=c(items, sample, set, 36,37,38,39,40)
>dataset
 Reading & combining text data
• Text values using quotes are passed within the
parentheses of c() command.
• Multiple text values are separated with comma.
• We can single or double quotes for text values.
• R can convert all quotes to double quotes.

• Syntax for c() command is:

>c(“item1”, “item2”, “item3”, “item4”)
>c(‘item1’, ‘item2’, ‘item3’, ‘item4’)

• Assign combined values to a variable:

>textdata= c(“item1”, “item2”, “item3”, “item4”)
 >c(“Amar”, “BE”, “CSE”, “Rollno-20”, “Per-78”)
>c
>data=c(“Amar”, “BE”, “CSE”, “Rollno-20”, “Per-78”)
>data
>mydata=c(data, “Ram”, “TE”, “CSE”, “Rollno-22”,
“Per-80”)
>mydata

• Reading both Numerical and Text values in R

>combine=c(data, mydata)
>combine
 Using scan() command
• The c() command uses commas to separate values.
• The scan() command is used to separate values
without commas.

• The scan() command used to enter numeric or text

data into dataset.
• The scan() command uses empty parentheses.
• After executing, you are prompted to enter the
desired data.

• Syntax:
>scan() #Ask to enter data from users.
 Reading numerical values using scan() command
>scan()
12
13
14
15
16

Read 5 items
12 13 14 15 16

Read and assign values to variable.

>emp=scan()
>emp
 Reading text data using scan() command
• Use scan() command to enter text into dataset.
• Entering the items in quotes will generate errors.

• Syntax:
>scan(what = ‘character’)

• No need to enter text data into quotes.

>names=scan(what=‘character’)
SE
TE
BE
>names
 Using clipboard to create data
• If data in text file is separated by simple spaces, copy
and paste can be done to read the data in R.
• If data is separated with some other character, like
comma(,) or period(.), then specify separator in R.
• Use sep=‘ , ’
• Use sep=‘ . ’
>empdata=scan()
10
20
30
>empdata=scan(sep = ‘ , ’)
 Reading data of file from Disk
• To read data of file from disk using scan() command,
add file=‘filename’
>readdata=scan(file= ‘sample.txt’)
• To get current working directory
>getwd()
• To navigate R console to locate directory in which file is
available.
>setwd(‘E:/’)
>getwd()
>dir()
>list.files()
>dir(‘E:/DA’)
>scan(file.choose())
 Using read.csv() command

• The read.csv() command is used for:

-Reading multiple data values from large files.
-Reading large amount of data from complicated files
containing multiple items.

• The syntax:
>read.csv()

• Read the entire CSV file and display the data on

console.
 Using read.csv() command
• Use various instructions with the read.csv()
command:

-file-specify file name

-sep-provide the separator
-header-specify whether or not the first row of CSV
file should be set as column name by setting
value to TRUE.
-row.names-specify row name for the data.
Set row.names=n, n is column number.

>read.csv(file.choose(), header=TRUE, row.names=1)

 Using read.table() command
• The read.table() command is used to read plain, text
data which are in the form of table.

>read.table(file.choose(), header=TRUE,
row.names=1)

>var=read.table(file.choose(), header=TRUE,
row.names=1, sep=“\t”)
>var
 Exporting data from R
• Writing data To move processed data out of R.
Export data from R to other source.

• R commands to export data from R to other source.

• R commands used for export data:

-Using write.csv()
-Using write.table()
 Using write.table() command
• The write.table() command is used to write data
stored in a vector into file.
• The data is saved using the delimiters such as spaces
or tabs.
• The data in file will be saved using tab.
• Use variable to write data into any text file.
• The syntax is:
>write.table(“D:/mydata.txt”)
>para=scan()
>write.table(para, “D:/mydata.txt”, sep=“\t”)
 Using write.csv() command

• We can store comma separated values in files.

• Write data into CSV file using write.csv() command.

• The syntax is:

>write.csv(“D:/file.txt”)

>my=scan(what=‘character’)
>write.csv(my, “E:/file.txt”, sep=“,”)
 PIE CHART IN R
 In R the pie chart is created using the pie() function.
 It takes positive numbers as a vector input.
pie(x, labels, radius, main, col, clockwise)
 The parameters used −
x is a vector containing the numeric values used in the
pie chart.
labels is used to give description to the slices.
radius indicates the radius of the circle of the pie chart.
main indicates the title of the chart.
col indicates the color palette.
clockwise is a logical value indicating if the slices are
drawn clockwise or anti clockwise.
 PIE CHART EXAMPLE
# Create data for the graph.
x <- c(21, 62, 10, 53)
labels <- c("London", "New York",
"Singapore", "Mumbai")
# Give the chart file a name.
png(file = "city.jpg")
# Plot the chart.
pie(x,labels)
# Save the file.
dev.off()
 BAR CHART IN R
R uses the function barplot() to create bar charts.
 R draw both vertical and Horizontal bars in bar chart.

barplot(H,xlab,ylab,main, names.arg,col)

 The parameters used −

 H is a vector or matrix containing numeric values used in
bar chart.
 xlab is the label for x axis.
 ylab is the label for y axis.
 main is the title of the bar chart.
 names.arg is a vector of names appearing under each bar.
 col is used to give colors to the bars in the graph.
 BAR CHART EXAMPLE
# Create the data for the chart
H <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
# Give the chart file a name
png(file = "barchart.png")
# Plot the bar chart
barplot(H)
# Save the file
dev.off()
Thank You…..