Scribd
Upload
24 views

Prob Dist

The document discusses different types of probability distributions including binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. It explains that random variables can be either discrete or continuous, and defines different probability distributions for each type. The normal distribution is described as a bell-shaped continuous distribution characterized by its mean and standard deviation.

Uploaded by

soumya das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Prob Dist

The document discusses different types of probability distributions including binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. It explains that random variables can be either discrete or continuous, and defines different probability distributions for each type. The normal distribution is described as a bell-shaped continuous distribution characterized by its mean and standard deviation.

Uploaded by

soumya das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Prepared By

T. Anupama
Learning Objectives

• Random Variables
 Types of Probability Distributions
 The Binomial Distribution
 The Poisson Distribution
 The Normal Distribution
What is Random Variable?
• A Random variable is a variable that takes different
values as a result of the outcomes of a random
experiment.

• A random variable is said to be discrete if is allowed to


take only limited number of values.

• A random variable is said to be continuous if it


allowed to assume any value with in specified range.
Discrete Random Variable

A discrete random variable is a


variable that can take on a countable
number of possible values along a
specified interval.
Discrete Random Variable
•Discrete Random Variable:
• Obtained by Counting (0, 1, 2, 3, etc.)
• Usually finite by number of different
values
e.g.
Toss a coin 5 times. Count the number of
tails. (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 times)
Discrete
Probability Distribution
• List of all possible [ xi, p(xi) ] pairs
• Xi = value of random variable
• P(xi) = probability associated with value
• Mutually exclusive (nothing in common)
• Collectively exhaustive (nothing left out)
• 0  p(xi)  1
•  P(xi) = 1
Continuous Random Variable

A continuous random variable is a variable


that can take on any of the possible values
between two points.
Examples of Continuous Random
variables
• Time required to perform a job
• Financial ratios
• Product weights
• Interest rates
• Income levels
Continuous
Probability Distributions
• Continuous random variable
– Values from interval of numbers
• Continuous probability distribution
– Distribution of continuous random variable
• Most important continuous probability
distribution
– The normal distribution
Continuous Probability
Distributions
The probability distribution of a
continuous random variable is
represented by a probability density
function that defines a curve.
Type of Probability Distributions
(Discrete &Continuous)

Binomial Distribution

Poisson Distribution

Normal Distribution
Binomial Distribution Formula
n! X nX
P(X)  p (q)
X ! (n  X)!

P(X) = probability of X successes in n trials,


with probability of success p on each trial

X = number of ‘successes’ in sample,

(X = 0, 1, 2, ..., n)

n = sample size (number of trials or observations)

p = probability of “success” , q= Probability of “Failure”


Binomial Distributions
• Constant Probability for each Trial
•
• e.g. Probability of getting a tail is the same
each time we toss the coin and each light bulb
has the same probability of being defective

• Trials are Independent:


• The outcome of one trial does not affect the
outcome of another
Poisson Distribution


e  x
P( X) 
X!
where:
X = number of successes per unit

 = expected number of successes per unit

e = base of the natural logarithm system (2.718)


Normal Probability Distribution
The Normal Distribution is a bell-shaped, continuous
distribution with the following properties:
1. It is unimodal.
unimodal
2. It is symmetrical;
symmetrical this means 50% of the area
under the curve lies left of the center and 50% lies
right of center.
3. The mean, median, and mode are equal.
4. It is asymptotic to the x-axis.
5. The amount of variation in the random
variable determines the width of the normal
distribution.
The Mathematical Model
1
1   X    2

f X 

2
e
2 2

f(X) = frequency of random variable X


 = 3.14159; e = 2.71828
 = population standard deviation
X = value of random variable (- < X < )
 = population mean
Normal Probability Distribution
Probability = 0.50 Probability = 0.50

X

Mean
Median
Mode
Standard Normal Distribution

STANDARDIZED NORMAL Z-VALUE


x
z

where:
x = Any point on the horizontal axis
 = Standard deviation of the normal distribution
 = Population mean
z = Scaled value (the number of standard
deviations a point x is from the mean)
Normal distribution
• One special case of the normal distribution has quite important
significance in statistics: the Standard Normal.

• The Standard Normal is a normal distribution with mean 0 and


standard deviation denoted as: N ~ (0,1).

• To transform any normal distribution into a "standard normal“:


x
Z

• Z is traditionally used to represent values of a standard normal, and


gives rise to “z-scores”
Areas Under the Standard
Normal Curve
0.1985

X
 
Example:
z = 0.52 (or -0.52)
A(z) = 0.1985 or 19.85%
Interpreting Standard Deviation

You might also like