Apex Institute of Technology(CSE)

Subject Name & Subject Code :Introduction to IoT(CSD-231)

Prepared by Ms. Rana Gill

Introduction to IoT(CSD-231) DISCOVER . LEARN .

EMPOWER
 Introduction to IoT
CSD-231

Course Objective Course Outcome

CO Title CO Title Level
Number Number

I To acquire the knowledge of Internet of Things (IoT) and also Remember

I To understand the concepts of Internet of Things and IoT devices. recognize various IoT  
components.
II To explore Internet of things connectivity and networking protocols.

II To develop the ability to evaluate a variety of existing and Understand

developing architecture technologies for IoT.  
III To design and implement IoT based systems on emerging platforms.

III To explore the design space of this emerging technology and Implement
analyze real world IoT design constraints.

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 Syllabus

UNIT-I
• Chapter 1 Introduction to IoT: Definitions of the Internet
of Things (IoT), Trends in Adoption of IoT, The importance
of Internet of Things (IoT) in society, Characteristics of IoT,
Physical and logical design of IoT, Design challenges in
IoT, Risks, Privacy and Security, IoT applications.
• Chapter 2 IoT Devices and embedded systems: IoT
Sensors-definition, types of sensors, factors driving the
adoption of sensor, Challenges and solutions, Applications,
Actuators, Embedded systems- features, key components,
Analog/Digital Conversion, Integrated Circuits, Operating
Systems.

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Chapter 2: IoT Devices and embedded systems
Lecture 12
On

Embedded Systems: Structure

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Embedded System- Basic Structure

Typical Structure of Embedded System

(Application Specific Integrated circuit)

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 Embedded System-Microprocessor

- Multipurpose, Programmable device

- Accepts data as input
- Processes data as per instructions stored in memory
- Produces output

Block diagram of microprocessor

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 Embedded System-Microcontroller
- A Microcontroller is a VLSI Integrated Circuit (IC) that contains electronic
computing unit and logic unit, Memory I/O Ports (Input / Output Ports) and
few other components integrated on a single chip.
- Also called as a Computer-on-a-Chip or a Single-Chip-Computer

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Microcontroller
Embedded System- Microcontroller

Block Diagram of Microcontroller

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 Embedded System-Microcontroller
• CPU
– Central Processing Unit or CPU is the brain of the Microcontroller. It consists of an
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and a Control Unit (CU). A CPU reads, decodes and
executes instructions to perform Arithmetic, Logic and Data Transfer operations.
• Memory
– The various memories installed inside the microcontroller are RAM and ROM
(EEPROM, EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes.
• I/O Ports
– The interface for the Microcontroller to the external world is provided by the I/O
Ports or Input/Output Ports. Inputs device like Switches, Keypads, etc. provide
information from the user to the CPU in the form of Binary Data. The CPU, upon
receiving the data from the input devices, executes appropriate instructions and gives
response through Output Devices like LEDs, Displays, Printers, etc.

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 Embedded System-Microcontroller
• Timers and Counters
– Mainly they are used for the purpose of lock functions, modulations, pulse
generations, frequency measuring and making oscillations so that the task can
be performed with the stipulated time interval.

• Bus
– A System bus is a group of connecting wire that connect the CPU with other
peripherals like Memory, I/O Ports and other supporting components

• Serial Port
– One of the important requirement of a Microcontroller is to communicate with
other device and peripherals (external). Serial Port proves such interface
through serial communication. Most common serial communication
implemented in Microcontrollers is UART.

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 Embedded System-Microcontroller

• Interrupts
– A very important feature of a Microcontroller is
Interrupts and its Interrupt Handling Mechanism.
Interrupts can be external, internal, hardware related or
software related.

Apex Institute of Technology- CSE

 Embedded Systems : ADC & DAC

• ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)

– The ADC Circuit forms the interface between the external Analog
Input devices and the CPU of the Microcontroller. Almost all
sensors are analog devices and the analog data from these sensors
must be converted in to digital data for the CPU to understand.

• DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)

– Digital to Analog Converter or DAC is a circuit, that works in
contrast to an ADC i.e. it converts Digital Signals to Analog
Signals. DAC forms the bridge between the CPU of the
Microcontroller and the external analog devices.

Apex Institute of Technology- CSE

Embedded Systems : ADC & DAC
 Integrated Circuits(ICs)

Integrated circuits (ICs) are a keystone of modern electronics. They are the heart and brains of most
circuits. They are the ubiquitous little black "chips" you find on just about every circuit board. An IC
is a collection of electronic components -- resistors, transistors, capacitors, etc. -- all stuffed into a tiny
chip, and connected together to achieve a common goal. They come in all sorts of flavours: single-
circuit logic gates, op amps, 555 timers, voltage regulators, motor controllers, microcontrollers,
microprocessors, FPGAs...the list just goes on-and-on.
 Integrated Circuits(ICs)

IC Packages
• The package is what encapsulates the integrated circuit die and splays it out
into a device we can more easily connect to. Each outer connection on the
die is connected via a tiny piece of gold wire to a pad or pin on the
package. Pins are the silver, extruding terminals on an IC, which go on to
connect to other parts of a circuit. These are of utmost importance to us,
because they're what will go on to connect to the rest of the components and
wires in a circuit.
 Integrated Circuits(ICs)

Polarity Marking and Pin Numbering

• All ICs are polarized, and every pin is unique in terms of both location and
function. This means the package has to have some way to convey which pin is
which. Most ICs will use either a notch or a dot to indicate which pin is the first
pin. (Sometimes both, sometimes one or the other.)
 Integrated Circuits(ICs)

Mounting Style
One of the main distinguishing package type characteristics is the way they mount to a circuit board. All packages
fall into one of two mounting types: through-hole (PTH) or surface-mount (SMD or SMT).
DIP (Dual in-line packages)
DIP, short for dual in-line package, is the most common through-hole IC package you'll encounter. These little
chips have two parallel rows of pins extending perpendicularly out of a rectangular, black, plastic housing.
 Integrated Circuits(ICs)

Surface-Mount (SMD/SMT) Packages

There is a huge variety of surface-mount package types these days. In order to work with surface-
mount packaged ICs, you usually need a custom printed circuit board (PCB) made for them, which
has a matching pattern of copper on which they're soldered.
Small-Outline (SOP)
Small-outline IC (SOIC) packages are the surface-mount cousin of the DIP. It's what you'd get if you
bent all the pins on a DIP outward, and shrunk it down to size. With a steady hand, and a close eye
these packages are among the easiest SMD parts to hand solder.
 Summary
Topic that we have discussed is about ADC and DAC converters and basics about
integrated circuits.

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 Frequently Asked Questions

• Is 8085 an embedded system?

• How does a combination of functions reduce memory requirements
in embedded systems?
• Explain what are real-time embedded systems?
• Explain what is microcontroller?

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 BOOKS
1.Jan Holler, Vlasios Tsiatsis, Catherine Mulligan, Stefan Avesand, Stamatis Karnouskos,
David Boyle, “From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things: Introduction to a New
Age of Intelligence”, 1st Edition, Academic Press, 2014.
2. Vijay Madisetti and Arshdeep Bahga, “Internet of Things (A Hands-onApproach)”, 1st
Edition,
VPT, 2014
Reference Books:
1. Francis daCosta, “Rethinking the Internet of Things: A Scalable Approach to Connecting
Everything”, 1st Edition, Apress Publications, 2013
2. Cuno Pfister, Getting Started with the Internet of Things, O‟Reilly Media, 2011, ISBN:
978-1-4493-
9357-1

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]