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Displacement - Measurement - Lecture 5

The document discusses different types of sensors used to measure linear displacement and motion, including strain gauges, capacitive sensors, inductive sensors (LVDTs), slide wires/films, and wire wound potentiometers. It focuses on describing LVDT sensors, which measure linear displacement using a primary coil and two secondary coils to detect the position of a magnetic core. Key factors in LVDT design are its range, sensitivity, and output voltage characteristics.

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Devki Deshmukh
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38 views

Displacement - Measurement - Lecture 5

The document discusses different types of sensors used to measure linear displacement and motion, including strain gauges, capacitive sensors, inductive sensors (LVDTs), slide wires/films, and wire wound potentiometers. It focuses on describing LVDT sensors, which measure linear displacement using a primary coil and two secondary coils to detect the position of a magnetic core. Key factors in LVDT design are its range, sensitivity, and output voltage characteristics.

Uploaded by

Devki Deshmukh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Displacement/Motion

Sensors

Dr. D. N. Sonawane
Dr. S. D. Agashe
Displacement and Motion Measurement
• In the next two lectures we will discuss how to
measure various types of displacement and motion
• These include:
– Linear Displacement
– Angular Displacement
– Linear Velocity
– Angular Velocity
– Force
What is Motion?
• Motion or velocity can be defined in terms of the change in
position of an object with respect to time
• All measurands of motion are some form of derivative of
displacement with respect to time
Linear Displacement
• Is defined as specified distance in a specified direction
• It is measured in length units such as meters, kilometers
etc.
Measuring Linear Displacement
• Very small displacements:
– Strain Gauges
– Capacitive Sensors
– Inductive Sensors (LVDT)
• Medium displacements
– Slide Wire / Film
– Wire wound potentiometer
• Large Displacements (above range of most ‘pure’ linear
transducers)
– Convert linear to angular motion and measure the angular motion
with an angular displacement transducer
– Measure velocity and integrate signal to obtain displacement
Linear Displacement - Resistive Methods
• Resistance is defined by the
following equation
l
R
A
• Therefore if the length, thickness
or resistivity of an object changes
with respect to displacement we
can use the resistance as a way to
measure it
Linear Displacement - Resistive Methods
(Slide Wire/Film)
• This is the simplest way of measuring displacement between a
moving and a stationary object
• A piece of wire or film is connected to a stationary object
• A slide, which makes contact with the wire, is attached to the
moving object
• This acts as a very basic potentiometer
Linear Displacement - Resistive Methods
(Slide Wire/Film)
Pros and Cons – Slide Wire
• Range
– ± 1 – 300mm

• Advantages
– Simple
– Good Resolution
– Low Cost

• Disadvantages
– Wire does not have high resistance, film is better (±200 to 500Ω/cm)
– Wear
– Frictional Loading
– Inertial Loading
– Loading effect due to finite impedance of measuring devices
Linear Displacement - Resistive Methods (Wire
Wound Potentiometer)

• Wire Wound
potentiometers use the
same principle as slide wire
sensors except that they
use a coil of insulated
resistance
• The slider runs on one
surface of the coil that is
not insulated
Linear Displacement - Resistive Methods
(Potentiometer)
Pros and Cons – Potentiometers
• Resolution
– ± 1mm – 4m
• Advantages
– Simple
– Robust
• Disadvantages
– Resolution dependant on wire diameter
– Continuous use over portion of the wire will cause wear
– Frictional Loading
– Inertial Loading
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
• Inductive methods use very similar principles to resistive and
capacitive methods
• The inductance of a coil is given by the following equation

N 2 A
L [ Henrys]
l
• Where N is the number of turns in the coil, µ is the effective
permeability of the medium in and around the coil, A is the
cross sectional area and l is the length of the coil in m
• As with the other examples if we change any one of these
parameters we get a change in the inductance
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDTs)

• LVDTs are accurate


transducers which are
often used in industrial
and scientific applications
to measure very small
displacements
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDTs)

• An LVDT consists of a three coils,


central primary coil wound over
the whole length of the
transducer and two outer
secondary coils
• A magnetic core is able to move
freely through the coil normally
made of nickel iron alloys
• The core is positioned with non-
magnetic rod.
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDTs)

• The primary windings are energized with a constant amplitude


(5V ~ 25V )AC signal (5 – 10kHz) frequency.
• This produces an alternating magnetic field which induces a
signal into the secondary windings.
• The strength of the signal is dependent on the position of the
core in the coils.
• When the core is placed in the center of the coil the output will
be zero as secondaries are connected in phase opposition
connection also called as series opposition.
• Moving the coil in either direction causes the signal to increase
• The output signal is proportional to the displacement
• The phase shift in output voltage decides the direction of core
respect to center position.
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDTs)
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDTs)

Core-Centre

Core-Right

Core-Left
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDTs)
Design Considerations
  The important considerations are the range and sensitivity of the transducer.
The range depends on the construction- normally has

In certain types detection of inches can also me made.


The output voltage depends on
  )
Where,
F =supply frequency (Hz), Ip=primary current = Vin/R
Vin (Vp-p) is user selectable and R is the coil resistance ( to be adjusted from 2Kohms to 30 K
ohms to get Ip= 0.5mA
Np=number of primary turns.
Ns=number of secondary turns ( normally half of primary turns)
ro/ri=Ratio of outer and inner radii of the coil system ( = 2)
x=displacement of the core form null (from actual core position)
µ0=permeability of space (4π10^-7h/m)
b = length of primary winding (= 20mm)
m = length of secondary winding (= 10 mm)
Linear Displacement - Inductive Methods
(Linear Variable Differential Transformers LVDTs)
Design Considerations
  Sensitivity- defined as

  Where, is the displacement, is dependent on the geometry of construction and the


electrical characteristics of the coil material.

Sensitivity is usually between 1 to 5 V/V/in.

Sensitivity can be increased by increases in primary voltage but it leads to larger primary
loss and heating of the primary gives distortion in the output.

Sensitivity also changes with frequency, but not that fast to account.

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