Differential Calculus

•The two basic forms of calculus are differential

calculus and integral calculus. The concept of
derivative of a function distinguishes calculus from
other branches of mathematics. Differential is a
subfield of calculus that refers to infinitesimal
difference in some varying quantity and is one of the
two fundamental divisions of calculus. The other
branch is called integral calculus.

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 Differentiation and the Derivative

•The study of calculus usually begins with the

basic definition of a derivative. A derivative is
obtained through the process of differentiation,
and the study of all forms of differentiation is
collectively referred to as differential calculus.
If we begin with a function and determine its
derivative, we arrive at a new function called
the first derivative. If we differentiate the first
derivative, we arrive at a new function called
the second derivative, and so on.

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The derivative of a function is the slope at a
given point.

y  f ( x)

y

x

x
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Various Symbols for the Derivative

dy df ( x)
or f '( x) or
dx dx

dy y
Definition:  lim
dx x 0 x
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 Figure 6-2(a). Piecewise Linear Function
(Continuous).

(a) y  f ( x) Continuous Function

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 Figure 6-2(b). Piecewise Linear Function
(Finite Discontinuities).

(b) y  f ( x)
Discontinuities

x1 x2 x3 x

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Piecewise Linear Segment
( x2 , y2 )

y2  y1

( x1 , y1 )
x2  x1
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Slope of a Piecewise Linear Segment

dy y2  y1
 slope 
dx x2  x1

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Development of a Simple Derivative

yx 2

y  y  ( x  x ) 2

y  y  x  2 xx  (x )
2 2

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Development of a Simple Derivative
Continuation

y  2 xx  (x) 2

y
 2 x  x
x
dy y
 lim  2x
dx x 0 x
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Chain Rule

y  f (u ) u  u ( x)
dy df (u ) du du
  f '(u )
dx du dx dx
df (u )
where f '(u ) 
du 11
 Derivatives
f ( x) f '( x) Derivative Number

af ( x) af '( x) D-1

u ( x)  v( x) u '( x)  v '( x) D-2

f (u ) du df (u ) du D-3
f '(u ) 
dx du dx
a 0 D-4

xn (n  0) nx n 1 D-5

un (n  0) du
nu n 1 D-6
dx
uv dv du
u v D-7
dx dx

u du dv
v u D-8
v dx dx
2
v

eu du
eu D-9
dx 12
Table 6-1. Derivatives (Continued)
au du
 ln a  a u D-10
dx
ln u 1 du
D-11
u dx
log a u 1 du
 log a e  D-12
u dx
sin u  du 
cos u   D-13
 dx 
cos u du
 sin u D-14
dx
tan u du
sec 2 u D-15
dx
sin 1 u 1 du   1 
   sin u   D-16
1  u 2 dx  2 2
cos 1 u 1 du
 0  cos 1 u    D-17
1  u 2 dx
tan 1 u 1 du   1 
   tan u   D-18
1  u 2 dx  2 2
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Determine dy/dx for the function shown below.

y  x sin x
2

dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx

x 2 d  sin x   sin x
d  x 2

dx dx
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Example 6-4. Continuation.

dy
 x cos x  sin x  2 x 
2

dx
 x cos x  2 x sin x
2

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 Example 6-5. Determine dy/dx for the function
shown below.

sin x
y
x
du dv d  sin x  d  x
v u x  sin x
dy
 dx 2 dx  dx
2
dx
dx v x
x cos x  sin x
 2
x
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Example 6-6. Determine dy/dx for the function
shown below.
x2 2
 x
ye 2 u
2
 x2 
d  
du  2   1
      2x    x
dx dx  2
x2 x2
dy  
e 2
  x    xe 2
dx
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Seatwork # 1

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