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Checked - Unit 5 Respiration, Internal Environment, Coordination and Gene Technology - Exam Booklet

This document provides exam questions on the topics of respiration, muscles, and the internal environment from an International Advanced Level Biology exam booklet. The questions cover various aspects of aerobic respiration, glycolysis, and the effects of exercise on heart rate. Students are advised to use the booklet to identify strengths and weaknesses and focus revision efforts.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

159 views63 pages

Checked - Unit 5 Respiration, Internal Environment, Coordination and Gene Technology - Exam Booklet

Uploaded by

Ellane lee

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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INTERNATIONAL

ADVANCED LEVEL
Biology

Topic 7

Respiration,
Muscles, and the
Internal
Environment

EXAM
QUESTIONS
BOOKLET
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1.
Use this booklet to revise for exams
and improve exam technique.
Ensure you identify areas of strength
and weakness near exam time to
make your revision effective, and use
the revision notes to fill in any gaps.

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1. The diagram gives an outline of the process of aerobic respiration.

(a) Name substances X, Y and Z.

(3)

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(b) Give the location of each of the following in a liver cell.

(i) Glycolysis ............................................................................................

(ii) The Krebs cycle ..................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Write the letter B on the diagram at two steps where ATP is produced.

(3)

(d) Apart from respiration, give three uses of ATP in a liver cell.

(3)

(e) Human skeletal muscle can respire both aerobically and anaerobically. Describe
what happens to pyruvate in anaerobic conditions and explain why anaerobic
respiration is advantageous to human skeletal muscle.

(4)

(Total 15 marks)

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2. All living cells must continuously synthesise ATP as an immediate source of
chemical energy for vital functions. Energy needed to synthesise ATP can come
from either aerobic or anaerobic respiration. A common pathway in both types of
respiration is glycolysis.

The diagram below shows a simplified pathway for glycolysis.

glucose

intermediate compound (two molecules)

compound X (two molecules)

(a) (i) Name compound X, which is the final product formed during glycolysis.

.................................................................................................................................(1)

(ii) Before it can be split into two molecules, glucose must first be made more
reactive. Explain how this activation of glucose occurs.

(2)

(iii) Describe the changes occurring during glycolysis in the conversion of the
intermediate compound to compound X.

(a) During anaerobic respiration in muscle cells compound X is converted to lactate.

(i) Explain the importance of converting compound X into lactate in anaerobic

respiration.

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(ii) Describe the fate of lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells.

(iii) Suggest one reason why it is important to remove lactate quickly after a period of
anaerobic respiration.

(Total 10 marks)

3. The graph below shows the effect of exercise on heart rate.

(a) Calculate the percentage increase in the heart rate between points A and B on
the graph. Show your working.

Answer

..........................%

(1)

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(b) Describe how the changes in heart rate are brought about.

(Total 6 marks)

4. ‘Give me a muscle biopsy and I’ll tell you whether you should be a sprinter or a
marathon runner’ is a well-known quote from sport physiologists. The picture below
represents muscle fibres from a muscle tissue biopsy from a champion runner, Frank
Shorter.

(a) Using evidence from this biopsy, decide whether Frank was a champion sprinter
or a champion marathon runner. Explain your answer.

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The table below gives the activity of certain enzymes in muscle fibres used in
anaerobic or aerobic respiration.

Fibre type Enzyme activity/μmol-1 g-1

Anaerobic respiration enzymes Aerobic respiration enzymes

Carnitine
Phosphofruct Citrate
Hexokinase palmitoyl
okinase synthase
transferase

X 2.4 24 41 1.2

Y 0.7 88 18 0.2

(b) (i) Using the information above, explain whether fibre type X is slow-twitch or
fast-twitch. Explain your answer.

(2)

(ii) Other than enzymes, suggest two differences between the structure of muscles
in marathon runners and sprinters.

(Total 7 marks)

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5. Heat energy is a by-product of metabolism. In order to maintain a constant core
body temperature, it is important to control the amount of heat produced and lost by
the body. Controlling body temperature is an example of homeostasis.

The diagram below illustrates the key stages in a homeostatic control mechanism:

Rise or fall
normal level change from receptor(s) Coordination effector(s) back to
normal level centre normal level

(a) (i) Define the term homeostasis.

(ii) Explain the role of negative feedback in the control mechanism shown above.

(iii) With reference to each stage shown in the diagram above of a homeostatic
control mechanism, explain how body temperature is maintained during a period of
intense exercise.

(Total 7 marks)

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6. Aerobic respiration may be summarised by the following equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Although carbon dioxide and water are products of aerobic respiration, the equation
is an over-simplification of the process.

State and explain one way in which this equation is an over-simplification.

7. In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and organisation of
scientific terms.

There are a number of organic molecules in cells whose role is to transfer hydrogen
atoms from one compound to another. Examples include NAD, FAD and NADP.

NAD, FAD and NADP are important molecules in plant cells. Describe, in detail, the
role of these molecules within a palisade mesophyll cell.

[7]

Quality of Written Communication [1]

[Total 8 marks]

8. All organisms require energy in order to remain alive. Plants use solar energy to
combine water and carbon dioxide into complex organic molecules. Both plants and
animals then break down organic molecules in respiration. Energy released in this
process is used in the formation of ATP. Describe the structure of ATP.

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9. The figure below represents the first stage of respiration.

(i) Name the stage represented by the figure above.

................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State precisely where in the cell this stage takes place.

....................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Identify the compounds D, E and F.

D.................................................................................................................
E.................................................................................................................
F.................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total 5 marks]

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10. In anaerobic conditions, lactate does not proceed to the link reaction.

Describe the fate of lactate during anaerobic respiration in an animal cell and explain
the importance of this reaction.

11. The figure below shows the relationship between various metabolic processes in
yeast.

(i) Identify the three metabolic processes.

A...................................................................................................................................
B...................................................................................................................................
C...................................................................................................................................
[3]

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(ii) State the letter of the pathway in which acetyl coenzyme A is required.

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]

(iii) State the letter of the pathway in which ATP is utilised.

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]

[Total 5 marks]

12. In an investigation, yeast cells were homogenised (broken up) and the resulting
homogenate centrifuged. Portions containing only nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria
and cytosol (residual cytoplasm) were each isolated. Samples of each portion, and
of the complete homogenate, were incubated in four ways:

1 With glucose.

2 With pyruvate.

3 With glucose and cyanide.

4 With pyruvate and cyanide.

Cyanide inhibits carriers in the electron transport chain, such as cytochromes.

After incubation, the presence or absence of carbon dioxide and lactate in each
sample was determined.

The results are summarised in the table below.

= absent = present = a little

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(i) Explain why more carbon dioxide is produced when the complete homogenate is
incubated with just glucose or pyruvate than when cyanide is present.

(ii) Explain why carbon dioxide is produced when mitochondria are incubated with
pyruvate but not when incubated with glucose.

(iii) Explain why, in the presence of cyanide, ethanol production can still occur.

[Total 9 marks]

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13. Movement at a joint is brought about by the contraction of antagonistic muscles
which contain slow and fast twitch fibres. The diagram shows a knee joint.

(a) Which tissue is used to repair structure X using keyhole surgery?

A bone

B cartilage

C ligaments

D tendon

(1)

(b) Explain why muscles occur in antagonistic pairs.

(c) A group of scientists investigated the effect of aging on the Ca-ATPase activity in
fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibres obtained from rats. The results are shown in the
graph.

The membranes in these fibres contain the enzyme Ca-ATPase, which is involved in
the transport of calcium ions. The scientists concluded that in older muscle it takes
longer to restore the calcium ion balance. Analyse the data to evaluate whether
these results support the scientists’ conclusion.

(Total 9 marks)

14. Muscles enable movement to take place.

The diagram shows part of a muscle fibre.

(a) Which label on the diagram shows a sarcomere?

(1)

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(b) The electron micrograph shows the arrangement of protein filaments in the
contractile units of muscle myofibrils.

(i) Calculate the magnification of this electron micrograph. (Magnification

calculations will be affected by printing ratio so markscheme answer may be
different.)

Answer ..............................................................

(2)

(ii) The number of myofibrils in this electron micrograph is

A one
B three
C six
D nine

(1)

(iii) The electron micrograph shows the myofibrils in a relaxed muscle. Explain how
the appearance of this myofibril changes when a muscle contracts.

Explain which person has muscles that are more resistant to fatigue.

(Total: 10 marks)

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15. Aerobic respiration is a series of reactions that occur in the cytoplasm and
mitochondria of animal and plant cells.

(a) The diagram shows a mitochondrion.

Which row of the table shows where each process takes place in a mitochondrion?

(1)

(b) The link reaction takes place in mitochondria. Which row of the table shows the
correct substances produced by the link reaction?

(1)

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(c) The number of ATP molecules synthesised in mitochondria from one molecule of
acetyl CoA is:

(1)

(d) The diagram shows some of the stages of aerobic respiration.

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(ii) The last carrier in the electron transport chain is the enzyme cytochrome oxidase.
Cyanide attaches permanently to the active site of this enzyme. Explain why cyanide
is a lethal metabolic poison.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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(6)

(Total: 10 marks)

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16. The cardiac output of the heart changes during exercise.

(a) During exercise, a person had a pulse rate of 140 beats per minute and a cardiac
output of 17.0 dm3 min−1. Calculate the stroke volume of the heart of this person.

Answer ..............................................................

(2)

(b) The maximum pressure in the left ventricle is 11.0 kPa and in the right ventricle
3.3 kPa. The graph below shows the pressure changes in the two ventricles of the
heart during part of the cardiac cycle.

Explain why there is a difference in pressure in these two ventricles.

(3)

(Total 5 marks)

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17. The heart of a mammal contains four main chambers. The action of these
chambers is coordinated by electrical activity in specialised tissues.

The figure below shows where these tissues are found in the heart.

(i) Name the tissues labelled T, U and V.

T ....................................................................
U ....................................................................
V ....................................................................

[3]

(ii) Describe how the action of the heart is initiated and coordinated.

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly.

[Total 8 marks]

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18. (a) (i) State 3 advantages of exercising.

[3]

(ii) State 3 disadvantages of exercising too much.

[3]

(b) Some athletes take a form of steroids known as anabolic androgenic steroids or
anabolic steroids to increase their muscle mass and strength.

(i) State 2 side effects of using such drugs.

(ii) Name another type of performance-enhancing drug used by athletes

………….......................................................................................................................
.
[1]

(iii) What is meant by ‘doping’ in the sports world?

………………………………..........................................................................................
[1]

[Total 10 marks]

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19. (i) What are transcription factors?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) What is a promoter?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) What is the role of RNA polymerase when a gene is to be transcribed?
.....................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iv) Hormones have their effect through transcription factors. Provide an example of
how a hormone can influence transcription.

20. The image below shows a special apparatus as replacement for limbs, being
used by a sportsman.

(i) What is the limb replacement called?

.....................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) How does this help in people with physical disabilities to overcome those and
participate in sports?

[Total 3 Marks]
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INTERNATIONAL
ADVANCED LEVEL
Biology

Topic 8

Coordination,
Response, and
Gene Technology

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1. Plants use chemicals known as plant growth substances for coordination. One
example is IAA (indoleacetic acid), which is involved in the response of plants to
light, called phototropism.

The drawing below shows a broad bean which has recently germinated:

In an experiment a light was shone on to the bean from one side (unilateral
illumination). The radicle and the plumule both curved in response to this treatment
and the angle of curvature was measured at intervals. The results are shown in the
table below:

Angle of curvature /degrees

Time of exposure /
hours
Plumule Radicle

0 0 0
2 +7 -3
4 +14 -4
6 +18 -8
8 +23 -11

Data from Freeland, P.W. (1985), Problems in Theoretical Advance Biology, Hodder
and Stoughton

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(a) Present the data in the table in a suitable graphical form.

(3)

(b) Compare the response of the radicle and the plumule to light.

(Total 8 marks)

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2. (a) The graph below shows the changes in membrane potential of a myelinated
nerve fibre when a nerve impulse travels along it. The maximum depolarisation in
the nerve fibre is +40 mV.

(i) On the graph, draw an arrow to show the time when the sodium ion
channels open.

(1)

(ii) Explain the meaning of the term myelinated.

………....................................................................................................................
…...........................................................................................................................

………....................................................................................................................
…….......................................................................................................................
………....................................................................................................................
…...........................................................................................................................
(2)

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(iii) State what effect myelination has on the speed of conduction.

(b) On the graph below show the changes in membrane potential of a nerve fibre,
with a resting potential of –60mV and a maximum depolarisation of +35mV, during
the passage of an impulse.

(2)

(Total 6 marks)

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3. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune condition. The immune system of
someone with MS identifies their own body’s Schwann cells as foreign and attacks
them. The myelin sheath is either damaged or completely lost, leaving scars known
as lesions or plaque. In addition to myelin loss, there can sometimes be damage to
the nerve cell. The specific symptoms and disabilities that a person with MS will
experience depends upon which parts of their nervous system are affected and the
function of the damaged nerves.

(a) Describe how an impulse is propagated along a myelinated axon.

(b) Suggest what effect the damage caused by multiple sclerosis will have on the
conduction of impulses along an axon.

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(d) A person with MS has damage to the neurons in their cerebellum. Suggest what
symptom this person might experience as a result of this damage.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(Total 11 marks)

4. Light rays that enter the retina are finally ‘seen’ as images by the brain. Damage
to the retina can cause impaired vision.

(a) Very bright light can damage the light-sensitive receptors in the retina. Describe
the mechanisms involved in ensuring that damage does not occur to these receptors
in bright light.

(b) The diagram below shows the structure of a single rod cell.

Name the structures labelled W and Z on the diagram.

W..................................................................................................................................
Z...................................................................................................................................
(2)

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(c) Describe how light reaching a rod cell can result in an action potential in the optic
nerve to the brain.

(d) Explain why vision is very poor when first going into a dark area from somewhere
brightly lit.

(Total 11 marks)

5. The diagram below shows a vertical section through a human brain.

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(i) Put a cross in the box next to the list which correctly describes the functions of the
cerebrum:

Decision making / vision / hearing / language / emotions

Decision making / vision / hearing / language / breathing rate

Control of breathing rate / heart rate / blood pressure

Homeostasis / thermoregulation / control of pituitary gland

(1)

(ii) Put a cross in the box next to the list which correctly describes the functions of
the hypothalamus:

Decision making / vision / hearing / language / emotions

Control of breathing rate / heart rate / blood pressure

Homeostasis / thermoregulation / control of pituitary gland

Homeostasis / vision / control of pituitary gland

(1)

(iii) Put a cross in the box next to the list which correctly describes the functions of
the medulla:

Decision making / vision / hearing / language / emotions

Control of breathing rate / heart rate / blood pressure

Homeostasis / thermoregulation / control of pituitary gland

Homeostasis / vision / control of pituitary gland

(1)

[Total 3 Marks]

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6. Detection of light occurs in both mammals and flowering plants.

(a) In humans, the central region of the retina has very few rod cells. However, in a
dog about 80–90% of the photoreceptors in the central region of the retina are rod
cells.

Suggest one advantage to a dog of having more rod cells in this region of the retina.

(b) Humans have three types of cone cell. However, dogs only have two types of
cone cell.

Graph 1 below shows the percentage of light, of different wavelengths, absorbed by

the pigments in the two types of cone cell in a dog’s retina.

Graph 2 shows the percentage of light, of different wavelengths, absorbed by the

pigments in the three types of cone cell in a human’s retina.

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Three balls, that differed only in their colour, were placed in front of a dog and a
human. One ball was red, one yellow and one orange. Using this data, explain why
only the human would be able to detect a difference between the colour of the three
balls.

(c) Describe the detection of light in flowering plants.

(Total 8 marks)

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7. The diagram below shows a rod cell from the retina of the human eye.

The function of rod cells can be affected by the condition known as retinitis
pigmentosa.

Retinitis pigmentosa causes the gradual breakdown of photoreceptor cells in the

retina. As these cells degenerate and die, patients experience progressive loss of
vision.

One of the most common forms of retinitis pigmentosa can be caused by a

recessive allele inherited from parents who have normal vision.

With reference to the function of rod cells and rhodopsin as photoreceptors, explain
why people with retinitis pigmentosa experience progressive loss of vision.

8. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to study brain structure. The
MRI scan shows a human brain with a tumour.

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(b) Explain the advantages of using MRI scanning to identify tumours compared to
using CT scanning.

(c) fMRI scanning is another way of collecting information about the brain. Explain
how fMRI scanning would help neuroscientists to identify the part of the brain
involved in controlling a voluntary action such as picking up a pen to write on paper.

(Total: 7 marks)

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9. (a) The figure below represents part of the axon of a neuron.

Describe the structure of the feature labelled A.

The table below shows details of the diameter and speed of conduction of impulse
along the neurons of different animal taxa.

speed of
axon diameter
type of neuron conduction animal taxon
(µm)
(m s–1)

myelinated 4 25 mammal

myelinated 10 30 amphibian

myelinated 14 35 amphibian

unmyelinated 15 3 mammal

unmyelinated 1000 30 mollusc

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(b) Using only the data in the table above, describe the effect of each of the
following on the speed of conduction:

(i) myelination,

(ii) axon diameter.

(c) The speed of conduction of a nerve impulse is also affected by temperature.

(ii) Suggest why an increase in temperature results in an increase in the speed of

conduction.

(ii) As the temperature continues to increase, it reaches a point at which the

conduction of the impulse ceases. Suggest why.

[Total 8 marks]

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10. Outline the events following the arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob
until the acetylcholine has been released into the synapse.

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelt correctly.

11. (a) Fig. 1 is a diagram of a neuron.

Fig. 1

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Name the structures A and B.

Fig. 2 shows a recording of the potential difference across the membrane of an axon
as an action potential is transmitted.

(b) Describe the events taking place in the neuron during stages X and Y.

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The table below shows how the speed of conduction of an action potential varies
with the diameter of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in different organisms.

axon diameter / speed of

organism type of axon
µm conduction / ms-1

crab non-myelinated 30 5

squid non-myelinated 500 25

cat myelinated 20 100

frog myelinated 16 32

(c) Describe the effect of myelination on the rate of conduction of an action potential
and explain how this effect is achieved.

In your answer, you should use appropriate technical terms, spelled correctly.

[Total 11 marks]

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12. Fig.1 represents some of the changes that occur across the membrane of the
axon. Three protein complexes are shown to be present in the membrane:

▪ sodium channels

▪ potassium channels

▪ sodium-potassium pumps.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2 shows the change of membrane potential associated with an action potential.

Fig. 2

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(i) State which of the three diagrams of the axon membrane in Fig. 1 match up to the
phases labelled in Fig. 2. Write your answers in the table below.

phase number

[1]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 1, explain the changes in membrane potential in Fig. 2.

[Total 6 marks]

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13. In this question, one mark is available for the quality of spelling, punctuation and
grammar.

In order to transfer information from one point to another in the nervous system, it is
necessary that action potentials be transmitted along axons. In humans, the rate of
transmission is 0.5 m s–1 in a non-myelinated neuron, increasing to 100 m s –1 in a
myelinated neuron.

Explain how action potentials are transmitted along a non-myelinated neuron and
describe which parts of this process are different in myelinated neurons.
No credit will be given for reference to events at the synapse.

Quality of Written Communication [1]

[Total 8 marks]

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14. The nervous system contains myelinated and unmyelinated neurons. The
diagram below shows a myelinated sensory neuron.

(a) Give one feature, shown in the diagram, that identifies this cell as a sensory
neuron.

(b) The table shows the conduction velocity of a nerve impulse along a myelinated
and an unmyelinated neuron, each with a diameter of 5 µm.

Explain why there is a difference in the conduction velocity of these neurons.

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(5)

(Total 6 marks)

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15. Phytochromes are photoreceptors found in many plants. The diagram below
shows the interconversion of inactive phytochrome (Pr / P660) and active
phytochrome (Pfr / P730).

(b) A study was carried out to investigate the effect of red light and far red light on
the growth of flowers in a plant. Plants were kept under two different light regimes, A
and B.

Regime A used red light and far red light at the same intensity.

Regime B used red light and far red light but the red light was at a lower intensity.

The intensity of the far red light was unchanged. When the plants were fully grown,

the dry mass of the flowers produced was measured.

This study was repeated using a new group of plants. The results for the original
study and the repeat study are shown in the table.

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(i) Calculate the percentage difference between the mean dry mass of flowers in
regime A with that in regime B in the original study.

Answer ....................................................

(2)

(ii) Compare and contrast the results of regime A with regime B for both the original
and repeat studies.

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(c) The ability to grow long stems is important in woodland plants because longer
stems increase the chance of the plant receiving light for photosynthesis. Any plant
in the shade of other plants will be exposed to more far red light than red light
because other plants absorb most of the red light. A student wrote the hypothesis:
‘The length of a plant stem depends on the amount of red light or far red light they
receive’. Design an investigation the student could use to test this hypothesis.

(Total: 9 marks)

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16. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. It is kept at optimum levels to maintain a feeling
of well-being. Serotonin is involved in the metabolic pathway shown in the flow chart.

(a) Explain how the level of activity of these enzymes, in this metabolic pathway, will
ensure that optimum levels of serotonin are maintained.

(b) Drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to reduce
depression. They work by inhibiting the reabsorption of serotonin at a synapse.
Explain how SSRIs help to maintain a feeling of well-being.

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(c) Extracts of the plant St John’s wort have also been used to treat depression. A
double-blind trial compared the effectiveness of treating depression using a SSRI,
an extract of St John’s wort, and a placebo. Depression was measured using the
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The higher the HRSD score the
greater the depression. The table shows the results of this trial.

(i) State what is meant by the term double blind.

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Analyse the data in the table to compare the effectiveness of these three
treatments for depression.

(3)

(iii) Double-blind trials give scientists confidence in the results collected. Explain two
ways the design of this trial could be improved in order to increase confidence in the
results.

(Total: 14 marks)

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17. Scientists are working to produce a genetically modified bacterium to treat
patients suffering from a disease of the digestive system. They plan to collect mRNA
from human cells. This will be used to produce the DNA of the gene for the protein
interleukin. They will then transfer this human gene into the bacterium Lactococcus.
The scientists intend patients to swallow the genetically modified bacteria. These
bacteria will release interleukin inside the digestive system to treat the disease.

(a) (i) Name the type of enzyme which will be used to produce the DNA from the
mRNA.

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) It is easier to obtain the interleukin gene from mRNA rather than directly from the
DNA removed from human cells. Explain why.

(1)

(b) The scientists propose to put the gene directly into the DNA of Lactococcus.
Describe .......................................................................................................................
.............. .......................................................................................................................
..............

(1)

(Total 3 marks)

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18. Underline the most suitable word.

(a) When identical twins are raised in different environments, what could be the
reason for their:
(i) similarities – (nature/ nurture)
(ii) dissimilarities – (nature/ nurture) (2)

(b) When scientists studied the brain development of large groups of children of the
same age brought up in different cultures, they found large differences in their brain
development. What could be the reason for their:
(i) similarities – (nature/ nurture)
(ii) dissimilarities – (nature/ nurture) (2)

(Total 5 marks)

19. (a) State an advantage of the Human Genome Project (HGP) which began in
1990.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) State 3 benefits associated with the use of genetically modified organisms
(GMO).

(Total 4 marks)

alevelbiology.co.uk
20. (a) If a human baby has cataracts, why is it important to remove them early in
their life?

(b) (i) What kind of animals were used in Hubel and Wiesel’s visual cortex
experiment?

(2)

(ii) What conclusion was made from their experiment?

(d) Explain habituation using an example.

(Total 10 marks)

alevelbiology.co.uk
21. The two photographs blow, show the condition of the pupil at different light
intensities.

(A) (B)

(a) What conclusion can you arrive at about the light present in the surroundings
when the photographs were taken?

(b) What is the role of receptor cells in detection of the light intensity?

(Total 7 marks)

alevelbiology.co.uk
22. Ocular dominance columns remain normal for both eyes if both eyes are
stimulated early in life.

(a) Which experiment led to the conclusion mentioned above? Explain.

(b) How does this experiment compare to the behaviour called habituation?

(2)

(Total 6 marks)

23. Discuss the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and the effects of drugs like L-
Dopa and MDMA on synaptic transmission. What precaution should be taken in
administering any one of these to a Parkinson’s patient?

(Total 8 marks)

alevelbiology.co.uk

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