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The Nature of Variables

This document discusses different types of variables in research. It defines a variable as any characteristic that can take on different values. There are two main types of variables - independent variables, which are manipulated by the researcher, and dependent variables, which are measured outcomes that depend on the independent variables. Moderator variables can change the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Variables can also be classified as qualitative (nominal, ordinal) or quantitative (interval, ratio) based on the scale of measurement.

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margilyn ramos
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66 views

The Nature of Variables

This document discusses different types of variables in research. It defines a variable as any characteristic that can take on different values. There are two main types of variables - independent variables, which are manipulated by the researcher, and dependent variables, which are measured outcomes that depend on the independent variables. Moderator variables can change the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Variables can also be classified as qualitative (nominal, ordinal) or quantitative (interval, ratio) based on the scale of measurement.

Uploaded by

margilyn ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Variables in

Research
INTRODUCTION
• Each person/thing we collect data on is called an
observation (in our research work these are
usually people/subjects).
• Observation (participants) possess a variety of
characteristics.
• If a characteristic of an observation
(participant) is the same for every member of the
group i.e. it does not vary, it is called a constant
• If a characteristic of an observation (participant)
differs for group members it is called a variable.
MEANING OF VARIABLES
• A variable is a concept or abstract idea that can be
described in measurable terms. In research, this term
refers to the measurable characteristics, qualities,
traits, or attributes of a particular individual, object,
or situation being studied.
• Anything that can vary can be considered a variable.
For instance, age can be considered a variable because
age can take different values for different people or for
the same person at different times. Similarly, Income
can be considered a variable because a person's
Income can be assigned a value.
• Variables are properties or characteristics of
some event, object, or person that can take on
different values or amounts.
A variable is not only something that we
measure, but also something that we can
manipulate and something we can control
for.
TYPES OF
VARIABLES
Dependent and Independent
Variables
• Independent variables are variables which are manipulated
or controlled or changed. It is what the researcher studies to
see its relationship or effects.
 Presumed or possible cause
Dependent variables are the outcome variables and are the
variables for which we calculate statistics. The variable which
changes on account of independent variable is known as
dependent variable. i.e. It is influenced or affected by the
independent variable

Presumed results(Effect)
The Relationship between
Independent and Dependent Variables
Example
• Imagine that a tutor asks 100 students to complete a
maths test. The tutor wants to know why some
students perform better than others. Whilst the tutor
does not know the answer to this, she thinks that it
might be because of two reasons: (1) some students
spend more time revising for their test; and (2) some
students are naturally more intelligent than others. As
such, the tutor decides to investigate the effect of
revision time and intelligence on the test performance
of the 100 students. What are the dependent and
independent variables for the study ?
Solution
• Dependent Variable: Test Mark (measured
from 0 to 100)
• Independent Variables: Revision time
(measured in hours) Intelligence (measured
using IQ score)
Activity

• Indentify the dependent and Independent


Variables for the following examples:
1. A study of teacher-student classroom
interaction at different levels of schooling.
2. A comparative study of the
professional attitudes of secondary
school teachers by gender.
Solution
1. Independent variable: Level of schooling,
four categories – primary, upper primary,
secondary and junior college.
Dependent variable: Score on a classroom
observation inventory, which measures teacher –
student interaction
2. Independent variable: Gender of the
teacher – male, female.
Dependent variable: Score on a professional
attitude inventory.
Moderator Variable
• It is a special type of independent variable.
• The independent variable’s relationship with
the dependent variable may change under
different conditions. That condition is the
moderator variable.
• That factor which is measured, manipulated,
or selected by the experimenter to discover
whether it modifies the relationship of the
independent variable to an observed
phenomenon.
Example
• A strong relationship has been observed between
the quality of library facilities (X) and the
performance of the students (Y). Although this
relationship is supposed to be true generally, it is
nevertheless contingent on the interest and
inclination of the students. It means that only
those students who have the interest and
inclination to use the library will show improved
performance in their studies.
• In this relationship interest and inclination is
moderating variable i.e. which moderates the
strength of the association between X and Y
variables
Quantitative and Qualitative Variables
• Quantitative variables are ones that exist
along a continuum that runs from low to high.
Interval, and ratio variables are quantitative.
• Quantitative variables are sometimes called
continuous variables because they have a
variety (continuum) of characteristics.
• Height in inches and scores on a test would
be examples of quantitative variables.
Quantitative and Qualitative Variables

• Qualitative variables do not express


differences in amount, only differences.
• They are sometimes referred to as categorical
variables because they classify by categories.
Ordinal, Nominal variables are qualititative
• Nominal variables such as gender, religion,
or eye color are categorical variables.
Generally speaking, categorical variables
Variable

Qualitative Quantitative

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio


Nominal Scale

• Nominal Scale, also called the categorical


variable scale, is defined as a scale used for
labeling variables into distinct classifications
and doesn’t involve a quantitative value or
order.
• This scale is the simplest of the four variable
measurement scales.
Nominal Scale Examples

• Gender
• Political preferences
• Place of residence
What is your Gender What is your Political Where do you live?
preference?

M- Male 1 Independent 1 Suburbs


F- Female 2 Democrat 2 City
3 Republican 3 Town
Ordinal Scale

• Ordinal Scale is defined as a variable


measurement scale used to simply depict the
order of variables(what’s important and
significant) and not the difference between each
of the variables(differences between each one is
not really known)
• For example, is the difference between “OK” and
“Unhappy” the same as the difference between
“Very Happy” and “Happy?” We can’t say.
• Ordinal scales are typically measures of non-
numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness,
discomfort, etc.
• “Ordinal” is easy to remember because is sounds
like “order” and that’s the key to remember with
“ordinal scales”–it is the order that matters.
• Example:
On a survey you might code Educational Attainment as 0=less
than high school; 1=some high school.; 2=high school degree;
3=some college; 4=college degree; 5=post college. In this
measure, higher numbers mean more education. But is
distance from 0 to 1 same as 3 to 4? Of course not.
Interval scale
• Interval Scale is defined as a numerical scale
where the order of the variables is known as well
as the difference between these variables.
Variables which have familiar, constant and
computable differences are classified using the
Interval scale.
• Interval scale contains all the properties of
ordinal scale, in addition to which, it offers a
calculation of the difference between variables.
The main characteristic of this scale is the
equidistant difference between objects.
• In statistics, interval scale is frequently used as
a numerical value can not only be assigned to
variables but calculation on the basis of those
values can also be carried out.
• Calendar years and time also fall under this
category of measurement scales.
• Likert scale is the most-used interval
scale examples.
Ratio Scale

• Ratio Scale is defined as a variable


measurement scale that not only produces
the order of variables but also makes the
difference between variables known along
with information on the value of true zero.
• It is calculated by assuming that the
variables have an option for zero, the
difference between the two variables is the
same and there is a specific order between
the options.
• In addition to the fact that the ratio scale does everything that
a nominal, ordinal and interval scale can do, it can also
establish the value of absolute zero.
• Examples
The following questions fall under the Ratio Scale category:
• What is your daughter’s current height?
– Less than 5 feet.
– 5 feet 1 inch – 5 feet 5 inches
– 5 feet 6 inches- 6 feet
– More than 6 feet
• What is your weight in kilograms?
– Less than 50 kilograms
– 51- 70 kilograms
– 71- 90 kilograms
– 91-110 kilograms
– More than 110 kilograms

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