ECE 322

LOGIC CIRCUITS AND

SWITCHING THEORY
Module 4
Boolean Algebra and Digital Logic
 Signal
 Logic Gates
Objectives

At the end of the lesson, you as a student

should be able to :
• understand key principles and concepts in
digital logic gates as they are being used in
the digital world today.
• apply basic laws of Boolean algebra in
simplifying a Boolean function

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 SIGNAL
energy applied to a circuit to cause it to perform an intended action, such as
transmission or reception of information

Analog Signal
 any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of
the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity
 nominally continuous electrical signal that varies in amplitude or
frequency in response to changes in sound, light, heat, position, or
pressure
 continuously varying representation of a condition, physical
phenomenon, or quantity such as flow, pressure, or temperature,
transmitted as electrical, mechanical, or pneumatic energy
Examples:
• thermometers
• classical mechanics
• pneumatics

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 Digital Signal
 in computer architecture, and other digital systems, a DIGITAL
SIGNAL is a waveform that switches between two voltage levels that
represents two states (0 and 1)
Examples:
• laptop / LED monitor
• camcorder / digital cameras
• handheld PC / blackberry PDA

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 DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND SWITCHING CIRCUITS

Design of Digital Systems

SYSTEM DESIGN
involves breaking the overall system into subsystems and specifying the
characteristics of each subsystem

Example:
The design of a computer system may involve specification of the
following: o number & type of memory units
• arithmetic units
• input-output devices
• connection & control of subsystems

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  LOGIC DESIGN
involves determining on how to interconnect basic logic building blocks to
perform specific functions

Example:
Determining the interconnection of logic gates and flip-flops required to
perform binary addition

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 BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC
Digital signals have two (2) basic states
1 (Logic “high” H / “on” / TRUE / Positive)
0 (Logic “low” L / “off’ / FALSE / Negative)

Voltage are used to represent logic values

• A voltage present (called Vcc or Vdd) = 1
• Zero voltage or ground (called gnd or Vss) = 0

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  CIRCUIT DESIGN
involves specifying the interconnection of certain components (resistors,
diodes, transistors, etc.) to form a gate, flip-flop, or other logic building
block using appropriate computer-aided design tools

Example:
• Laying out and interconnection of components on a silicon chip

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 SWITCHING FUNCTIONS
Electronic devices called transistors predominate in the
circuitry that implements these signals. The signals in
most present-day electronic digital systems use just two
discrete values and are therefore said to be binary.

 Many things can be described by two distinct states; for example, a

light can be ``on'' or ``off;'' a door can be ``open'' or ``closed;'' a
statement can be ``true'' or ``false.''
 A number system which has only two digits, 0 and 1, can be defined
to represent any number (the binary number system.)
 A typical electronic device with 2 states is a switch, which can be
``on'' (switch closed) or ``off'' (switch open).
 Switching functions can be implemented using simple switches. In
digital electronic circuits, transistors are used as simple switches in
circuits very similar those which follow.
 The functions NOT, AND and OR can be easily implemented with
two simple switches.

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  Any set that is restricted to a finite number of elements contain discrete
information

Examples of discrete sets:

• 10 decimal digits
• 26 letters of the alphabet
• 52 playing cards
• 64 squares of a chessboard

 Early digital computers were used mostly for numeric computations. In

this case, the discrete elements used were the digits. From such an
application, the term digital computer emerged.
 Discrete elements of information are represented in a digital system by
physical quantities called signals.
Examples:
• Voltage
• Current

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 Review of Boolean algebra
 Complementation
known as NOT operation, denoted by an over bar
Example: Complement of A = A
0=1
1=0
 Logical addition
known as OR operation, denoted by a plus sign
Example: A + B
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1+1=1
 Logical multiplication
known as AND operation, denoted by a dot sign
Example: A • B
0•0=0
0•1=0
1•0=0
1•1=1
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 Logic Gates

• A digital computer is composed of nothing more than digital circuit, buses, and
sequential logic elements.
• Digital circuit are composed of gates that are wired together either fixed circuit or
reconfigurable.
• The basic elements of circuits are gates. Each type of gate implements a Boolean
operation.
• Logic gates are electronic digital circuit perform logic functions. Commonly
expected logic functions are already having the corresponding logic circuits in
Integrated Circuit (I.C.) form.
• In circuitry theory, NOT, AND, and OR gates are the basic gates. Any circuit can
be designed using these gates. The circuits designed depend only on the inputs, not
on the output. In other words, these circuits have no memory. Also these circuits
are called combinational circuits.
• The symbols NOT gate, AND gate, and OR gate are also considered as basic
circuit symbols, which are used to build general circuits.

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 Binary Logic
deals with binary variables that take on 2 discrete value and with the
operations of mathematical logic applied to these variables

Truth Table
a table of combination of the binary variables showing the relationship
between the values that the variables take on and the values of the result of
the operation

Formula: 2 N = Y

where; N is the nunmber of input variables

Y is the number of all possible conbination

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 NOT Gate / INVERTER

Logic Symbol  X Z

Z = X

Truth table INPUT OUTPUT

X Z
0 1
1 0

A NOT gate or also known as INVERTER is logic gate with one input
signal and one output signal. Output is just the complement of the input.

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 OR Gate
A
X
Logic Symbol  Y
Z
Y B

Z= X + Y

Truth table
INPUT OUTPUT
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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 SWITCH REPRESENTATION OF AN OR GATE

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 A A
B Y Input Output
Y
C A B C Y
B
0 0 0 0
Y=A+ B +C 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

An OR gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is high, the output signal is high. Output is low if
and only if all input signals are low.

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 AND Gate
X
Logic Symbol  Z
Y

Z = X * Y = X ●Y = XY
Truth table
INPUT OUTPUT
X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 SWITCH REPRESENTATION OF AN AND GATE

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 A
B Input Output
Y
C A B C Y
0 0 0 0
Y=A•B•C 0 0 1 0
or 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
Y = ABC
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

An AND gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is low, the output signal is low. Output is high if
and only if all input signals are high.

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 NOR Gate (NOT OR)
Logic Symbol 

Y=A+B
INPUT OUTPUT
Truth table A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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 A
Input Output
B
A B C Y
C
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
Y= A+B+C 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0

A NOR gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is high, the output is low. Output is high if and
only if all input signals are low.

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 NAND Gate (NOT AND)
A
Logic Symbol 
B Y

Y = A • B or
Y = AB
Truth table
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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 A
B Input Output
Y
C A B C Y
0 0 0 1
Y=A•B•C 0 0 1 1
or 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
Y = ABC
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

A NAND gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is low, the output signal is high. Output is low if
and only if all input signals are high.

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 Exclusive OR / XOR Gate
A
Logic Symbol 
B Y

Y = A •+ B

Truth table
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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 A
B Input Output
Y
C A B C Y
0 0 0 0
Y=A + B + C 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

An Exclusive OR (XOR) gate is logic gate with two or more input and one
output signal. If input signals have an odd parity, the output signal is high.

Odd parity – an odd number of 1’s in an input word

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 Exclusive NOR / XNOR Gate
A
Logic Symbol 
B Y

Y = A •+ B =A • B

Truth table
INPUT OUTPUT
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 A
B Input Output
Y
C A B C Y
0 0 0 1
Y=A + B + C 0 0 1 0
or 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
Y=A • B • C
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

An Exclusive NOR (XNOR) gate is logic gate with two or more input and
one output signal. If input signals have an even parity, the output signal is
high.

Even parity – an even number of 1’s in an input word

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 Summary

 An OR gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is high, the output signal is high. Output is low if
and only if all input signals are low.

 An AND gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is low, the output signal is low. Output is high if and
only if all input signals are high.

 A NOT gate or also known as INVERTER is logic gate with one input signal
and one output signal. Output is just the complement of the input.

 A NOR gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is high, the output is low. Output is high if and only
if all input signals are low.

 A NAND gate is logic gate with two or more input signals and one output
signal. If any input signal is low, the output signal is high. Output is low if and
only if all input signals are high.
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 Summary
Odd parity – an odd number of 1’s in an input word

An Exclusive OR (XOR) gate is logic gate with two or more input and
one output signal. If input signals have an odd parity, the output
signal is high.

Even parity – an even number of 1’s in an input word

An Exclusive NOR (XNOR) gate is logic gate with two or more input and
one output signal. If input signals have an even parity, the output signal
is high.

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 BASIC LAW OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

X + 0= X  X + 1 = 1
X + X = X  X + X’ = 1
  X  0= 0   X  1 = X
  X  X = X  X  X’ = 0
  X’’ = X   X’’’ = X’
  X + Y= Y + X  X  Y=Y  X
( X + Y ) + Z = X + ( Y + Z )( X  Y )  Z= X  (Y  Z)
  X ( Y + Z ) = XY + XZ (X + Y) (X + Z)= X + YZ
  X + XY = X X ( X + Y ) = X
  X ( X’ + Y ) = XY X + X’Y = X + Y
 

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BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

 basic mathematics needed for the study of the logic design

of digital systems
 a mathematical notation that generally specifies gate
operations
 used to describe the interconnection of digital gates and to
design logic circuits through the manipulation of Boolean
expressions

L.G. Arcega
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