Multithreaded Programming

in Java

1
 Agenda

 Introduction
 Thread Applications
 Defining Threads
 Java Threads and States
 Examples

2
 A single threaded program

class ABC
{
….
public void main(..) begin

{
… body

..
end
}
}

3
A Multithreaded Program

Main Thread

start
start start

Thread A Thread B Thread C

Threads may switch or exchange data/results

4
 Web/Internet Applications:
Serving Many Users Simultaneously

PC client

Internet
Server
Local Area Network

PDA

5
Multithreaded Server: For Serving
Multiple Clients Concurrently

Client 1 Process Server Process

Server
Threads
 Internet

Client 2 Process

6
 Modern Applications need Threads (ex1):
Editing and Printing documents in background.
Printing
PrintingThread
Thread

Editing
EditingThread
Thread

7
Multithreaded/Parallel File Copy

reader()
reader()
{{ writer()
writer()
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- buff[0] {{
-- buff[0]
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
lock(buff[i]);
lock(buff[i]); lock(buff[i]);
lock(buff[i]);
read(src,buff[i]); buff[1]
buff[1] write(src,buff[i]);
read(src,buff[i]); write(src,buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]); unlock(buff[i]);
unlock(buff[i]);
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- }}
}}

Cooperative
CooperativeParallel
ParallelSynchronized
Synchronized
Threads
Threads 8
 Levels of Parallelism
Code-Granularity
Code-Granularity
Code
CodeItem
Item
Sockets/ Task
Taski-l
i-l Task
Taskii Task
Taski+1
i+1 Large
Largegrain
grain
PVM/MPI (task
(tasklevel)
level)
Program
Program

func1
func1( () ) func2
func2( () ) func3
func3( () )
{{ {{ {{ Medium
Mediumgrain
grain
Threads ....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
(control
(controllevel)
level)
.... .... .... Function
}} }} }} Function(thread)
(thread)

Fine
Finegrain
grain
aa( (00) )=.. aa( (11)=.. aa( (22)=.. (data
Compilers =..
bb( (00) )=..
)=..
bb( (11)=..
)=..
bb( (22)=.. (datalevel)
level)
=.. )=.. )=.. Loop
Loop(Compiler)
(Compiler)

Very
Veryfine
finegrain
grain
CPU ++ xx Load
Load (multiple
(multipleissue)
issue)
With
Withhardware
hardware
9
 Single and Multithreaded
Processes
threads are light-weight processes within a process

Single-threaded Process Multiplethreaded

Threads of Process
Execution

Single instruction stream Multiple instruction stream

Common
Address Space

10
Multithreading - Multiprocessors

Process
ProcessParallelism
Parallelism

CPU
P1
P1

P2 CPU
P2

P3 CPU
P3

time
time

No
Noof
ofexecution
executionprocess
processmore
morethe
thenumber
numberof
ofCPUs
CPUs
11
Multithreading on Uni-processor

 Concurrency Vs Parallelism
KK Process
ProcessConcurrency
Concurrency

P1
P1

P2
P2 CPU

P3
P3

time
time

Number
Numberof
ofSimultaneous
Simultaneousexecution
executionunits
units>>number
numberof
of
CPUs
CPUs 12
 What are Threads?

 A piece of code that run in concurrent with

other threads.
 Each thread is a statically ordered sequence of
instructions.
 Threads are being extensively used express
concurrency on both single and
multiprocessors machines.
 Programming a task having multiple threads of
control – Multithreading or Multithreaded
Programming.
13
 Java Threads
 Java has built in thread support for
Multithreading
 Synchronization
 Thread Scheduling
 Inter-Thread Communication:
 currentThread start setPriority
 yield run getPriority
 sleep stop suspend
 resume
 Java Garbage Collector is a low-priority thread

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 Threading Mechanisms...
 Create a class that extends the Thread class
 Create a class that implements the Runnable
interface

15
 1st method: Extending Thread
class
 Threads are implemented as objects that
contains a method called run()
class MyThread extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
// thread body of execution
}
}
 Create a thread:
MyThread thr1 = new MyThread();
 Start Execution of threads:
thr1.start();
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 An example
class MyThread extends Thread { // the thread
public void run() {
System.out.println(" this thread is running ... ");
}
} // end class MyThread

class ThreadEx1 { // a program that utilizes the thread

public static void main(String [] args ) {
MyThread t = new MyThread();
// due to extending the Thread class (above)
// I can call start(), and this will call
// run(). start() is a method in class Thread.
t.start();
} // end main()
} // end class ThreadEx1

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 2nd method: Threads by
implementing Runnable interface
class MyThread implements Runnable
{
.....
public void run()
{
// thread body of execution
}
}
 Creating Object:

MyThread myObject = new MyThread();

 Creating Thread Object:

Thread thr1 = new Thread( myObject );

 Start Execution:

thr1.start();

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 An example
class MyThread implements Runnable {
public void run() {
System.out.println(" this thread is running ... ");
}
} // end class MyThread

class ThreadEx2 {
public static void main(String [] args ) {
Thread t = new Thread(new MyThread());
// due to implementing the Runnable interface
// I can call start(), and this will call run().
t.start();
} // end main()
} // end class ThreadEx2

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Life Cycle of Thread

20
A Program with Three Java Threads

 Write a program that creates 3 threads

21
 Three threads example
 class A extends Thread
 {
 public void run()
 {
 for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
 {
 System.out.println("\t From ThreadA: i= "+i);
 }

 System.out.println("Exit from A");

 }

 }

 class B extends Thread

 {
 public void run()
 {

 for(int j=1;j<=5;j++)
 {
 System.out.println("\t From ThreadB: j= "+j);
 }

 System.out.println("Exit from B");

 }

 }
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 class C extends Thread
 {
 public void run()
 {

 for(int k=1;k<=5;k++)
 {
 System.out.println("\t From ThreadC: k= "+k);
 }

 System.out.println("Exit from C");

 }

 }

 class ThreadTest
 {
 public static void main(String args[])

 {
 new A().start();
 new B().start();
 new C().start();

 }

 }

23
 Run 1
 [raj@mundroo] threads [1:76] java ThreadTest
From ThreadA: i= 1
From ThreadA: i= 2
From ThreadA: i= 3
From ThreadA: i= 4
From ThreadA: i= 5
Exit from A
From ThreadC: k= 1
From ThreadC: k= 2
From ThreadC: k= 3
From ThreadC: k= 4
From ThreadC: k= 5
Exit from C
From ThreadB: j= 1
From ThreadB: j= 2
From ThreadB: j= 3
From ThreadB: j= 4
From ThreadB: j= 5
Exit from B

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 Run2
 [raj@mundroo] threads [1:77] java ThreadTest
From ThreadA: i= 1
From ThreadA: i= 2
From ThreadA: i= 3
From ThreadA: i= 4
From ThreadA: i= 5
From ThreadC: k= 1
From ThreadC: k= 2
From ThreadC: k= 3
From ThreadC: k= 4
From ThreadC: k= 5
Exit from C
From ThreadB: j= 1
From ThreadB: j= 2
From ThreadB: j= 3
From ThreadB: j= 4
From ThreadB: j= 5
Exit from B
Exit from A

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Accessing Shared Resources

 Applications Access to Shared Resources

need to be coordinated.
 Printer (two person jobs cannot be printed at
the same time)
 Simultaneous operations on your bank
account

26
Online Bank: Serving Many Customers
and Operations

PC client

Internet Bank
Server
Local Area Network

Bank
Database PDA

27
 Shared Resources
 If one thread tries to read the data and other
thread tries to update the same date, it leads to
inconsistent state.
 This can be prevented by synchronising access
to data.
 In Java: “Synchronized” method:
 syncronised void update()
 {
 …
 }

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 The driver: 3rd Threads sharing the same object

class InternetBankingSystem {
public static void main(String [] args ) {
Account accountObject = new Account ();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new MyThread(accountObject));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new YourThread(accountObject));
Thread t3 = new Thread(new HerThread(accountObject));
t1.start();
t2.start();
t3.start();
// DO some other operation
} // end main()
}

29
 Program with 3 threads
and shared object
class MyThread implements Runnable {
Account account;
public MyThread (Account s) { account = s;}
public void run() { account.deposit(); }
} // end class MyThread

class YourThread implements Runnable {

Account account;
public YourThread (Account s) { account =
s; } accoun
public void run() { account.withdraw(); } t
} // end class YourThread

class HerThread implements Runnable {

Account account;
public HerThread (Account s) { account = s; }
public void run() {account.enquire(); }
} // end class HerThread 30
Monitor (shared object) example
class Account { // the 'monitor'
// DATA Members
int balance;

// if 'synchronized' is removed, the outcome is unpredictable

public synchronized void deposit( ) {
// METHOD BODY : balance += deposit_amount;
}

public synchronized void withdraw( ) {

// METHOD BODY: balance -= deposit_amount;
}
public synchronized void enquire( ) {
// METHOD BODY: display balance.
}
}

31
 Thread Priority

 In Java, each thread is assigned priority, which

affects the order in which it is scheduled for
running. The threads so far had same default
priority (ORM_PRIORITY) and they are served
using FCFS policy.
 Java allows users to change priority:
 ThreadName.setPriority(intNumber)
 MIN_PRIORITY = 1
 NORM_PRIORITY=5
 MAX_PRIORITY=10

32
 Thread Priority Example
class A extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("Thread A started");

for(int i=1;i<=4;i++)
{
System.out.println("\t From ThreadA: i= "+i);
}

System.out.println("Exit from A");

}

class B extends Thread

{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("Thread B started");

for(int j=1;j<=4;j++)
{
System.out.println("\t From ThreadB: j= "+j);
}

System.out.println("Exit from B");

}

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 Thread Priority Example
class C extends Thread
{
public void run()
{
System.out.println("Thread C started");

for(int k=1;k<=4;k++)
{
System.out.println("\t From ThreadC: k= "+k);
}
System.out.println("Exit from C");
}
}
class ThreadPriority
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A threadA=new A();
B threadB=new B();
C threadC=new C();

threadC.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
threadB.setPriority(threadA.getPriority()+1);
threadA.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);

System.out.println("Started Thread A");

threadA.start();

System.out.println("Started Thread B");

threadB.start();

System.out.println("Started Thread C");

threadC.start();

System.out.println("End of main thread");

}
}
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