MODULE 2:

CELLS
Le s s o n 1: C ell St ruc t ure
 BELLWORK

• Government • Waste disposal

In your country or city,
• Education • Infrastructure
why are the following
• Power
sectors important?
• Industrial

• Commercial

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 2

 THE CELL

Cells are the smallest unit of life. They are self-

contained, functional structures that make up
the organism.

The cell is covered by the cell membrane. Within

it is a jelly-like substance called the cytoplasm,
where all the other parts (called organelles) of
the cell are found.

The study of cells is called cellular biology or

cytology.
20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 3
 CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

DOMAIN EUKARYA DOMAIN DOMAIN

BACTERIA ARCHAEA

KINGDOM KINGDOM KINGDOM KINGDOM KINGDOM MONERA

ANIMALIA PLANTAE FUNGI PROTISTA

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 4

 EUKARYOTIC VS. PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Eukaryotic cell (“true nucleus”) are larger and

more complex. They have nuclei and
membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants,
fungi, and protists have eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells (“before the nucleus”) are

smaller and simpler. They do not have nuclei
and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria and
archaeans have prokaryotic cells.

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 5

 THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 6

 THE NUCLEUS

• Often centrally located

• Very large and conspicuous

• Bound by the nuclear membrane

• Has a smaller, darker area called the

nucleolus

• Directs cellular processes and functions

• Stores the cell’s chromosomes (DNA)

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 7

 THE MITOCHONDRIA AND PLASTIDS

• Mitochondria are present in all eukaryotic

cells. The mitochondrion is the site for
cellular respiration, which provides energy to
the cell.

• Plastids are present in plant cells. They

contain pigments necessary for
photosynthesis.

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 8

 THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• Situated right next to the nucleus

• Is a series of membranes that manufacture various cell

products

• The rough ER contains masses of tiny organelles called

ribosomes, which synthesize proteins

• The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and serves as the site

for the production of other cell products

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 9

 THE GOLGI BODY

• Situated farther apart from the nucleus than

the ER

• Is a series of membranes that receive cellular

products from the ER, stores and processes
them, and distributes them to other parts of
the cell

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 10

 VESICLES AND LYSOSOMES

• Vesicles are semi-temporary membrane-

bound spaces used for transport of
substances and cell products

• Lysosomes are special vesicles that contain

powerful enzymes that they use to clean the
cell of waste

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 11

 THE CYTOSKELETON AND LOCOMOTORY ORGANELLES

• A series of protein tubules and filaments that allows the cell

to hold its shape

• The cytoskeleton also form specialized structures such as

the four locomotory organelles: cilia, pseudopodia, flagella,
and myonemes

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 12

 BELLWORK

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is The _____ in the cells of plants All _____ cells possess a nucleus and
the organelle in charge of _____ enable them to photosynthesize. membrane-bound organelles. This
synthesis. This is due to the One example is the chloroplast, makes them distinct from _____ cells,
presence of tiny organelles called which contains _____. Glucose made which do not have nuclei and other
_____. Cellular products made from from photosynthesis is then used up organelles. These differences in cell
the endomembrane system are then by the mitochondria to produce structure led scientists to classify
sent to the _____ for storage and molecules of _____, which cells use these organisms in different _____.
distribution. for energy.

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 13

 FINISHING THE ANALOGY

Government, educational sector Nucleus

Power sector Mitochondria and plastids
Industrial sector Endoplasmic reticulum
Commercial sector Golgi body
Distribution Vesicles
Cleanup, garbage disposal, recycling Lysosome
Infrastructure Cytoskeleton

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 14

 THE CENTRIOLES

• Situated near the nucleus

• A pair of tube-like organelles found in animal cells that help

maintain cell organization during cell division

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 15

 THE CELL WALL

• Rigid outer covering found in the cells of:

• Plants (made of cellulose)

• Algae (made of cellulose)
• Fungi (made of chitin)
• Bacteria (made of peptidoglycan)
• Archaea (made of pseudopeptidoglycan or other
substances)

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 16

 THE CENTRAL VACUOLE

• Large, centrally located organelle that has a

variety of purposes: storage, pressure
control, and cleanup

• Found only in plant cells since they do not

contain lysosomes

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 17

 KEY DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

P la nt C e lls A nima l C e lls

• Have a cell wall • Do not have cell walls

• Have mitochondria and plastids • Have mitochondria

• Have a large central vacuole

• Have lysosomes
• Do not have centrioles and lysosomes
• Have centrioles

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 18

 THE PROKARYOTIC
CELL

20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 19

 KEY DIFFERENCES IN EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELLS

E uk a ry ot ic Ce lls P ro k a ry o t ic Ce lls
• Found in animals, plants, fungi, protozoans, and • Found in bacteria and archaea
algae
• Do not have nuclei
• Have nuclei
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Have membrane-bound organelles
• Are relatively smaller
(mitochondrion, plastid, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi apparatus)

• Are relatively larger

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 20

 PROKARYOTIC CELL FEATURES
• Instead of a nucleus, the chromosome of the
prokaryote simply floats in the cytoplasm in
an area called the nucleoid

• Instead of mitochondria and plastids, energy

processes in the prokaryote happen in folds
within its cell membrane

• Other features are flagella for movement,

fimbriae for attachment, pili for conjugation;
and the plasmid for DNA exchange
20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 21
 PROTECTIVE FEATURES

• Prokaryotic cells have three protective

layers
• The cell membrane (innermost)
• The cell wall
• The glycocalyx (outermost)
• Can be hard (capsule)
• Can be gelatinous (slime layer)

• Bacteria (not archaeans) may also form

an endospore if the environment

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS

becomes hostile 22
 BACTERIAL SHAPES

*Archaeans can also assume sphere, rod, or

spiral shapes; but, some are cuboidal or
irregular in shape.

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 23

LESSON
CHECKPOINT:
What were the
different kingdoms
of classification of
living things?

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 24

LESSON
CHECKPOINT:
Which two
organelles are
useful in energy
production and
how are they
different?

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 25

LESSON
CHECKPOINT:
Describe one way in
which prokaryotes
differ from
eukaryotes.

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 26

LESSON
CHECKPOINT:
Which features are
present in all cells?

20XX MODULE 2: CELLS 27