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Plasma Proteins

1) Proteins are classified based on their size as peptides (2-10 amino acids), polypeptides (10-100 amino acids), or proteins (>100 amino acids). 2) The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin. Their normal levels and physiological variations are described. 3) Pathological increases or decreases in plasma proteins can indicate conditions like acute inflammation, liver disease, or nephritis.

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Subathra Ramachandran
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245 views

Plasma Proteins

1) Proteins are classified based on their size as peptides (2-10 amino acids), polypeptides (10-100 amino acids), or proteins (>100 amino acids). 2) The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and prothrombin. Their normal levels and physiological variations are described. 3) Pathological increases or decreases in plasma proteins can indicate conditions like acute inflammation, liver disease, or nephritis.

Uploaded by

Subathra Ramachandran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2- 10 Amino acids- peptides

10-<100 Amino acids- polypeptide


> 100 Amino acids- Polypeptides-Disulphide bonds
Synopsis
Methods of separation

Classification

Normal values, Physiological & Pathological variations

Properties

Functions

Whipple’s experiment

Applied physiology
Methods of separation
Salting out- Na, NH4 Immuno Assay
Sulphate
Radio Immuno Assay
Fractional precipitation
ELISA
Ultracentrifugation

Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis

A-55% G-38% ( 5%, 9%, 13% & 11% )


Classification
I. Albumin, Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2 & Gamma
globulin.

II. By origin:
RE cells of liver: Albumin, Acute Phase proteins,
Angiotensinogen, Binding proteins & Clotting factors.

Plasma cells: Ig G

Others: Apo lipo proteins, VWF & Plasminogen activator


Normal value
Total proteins 6.5 - 8 g/d

Albumin 3.5 - 5 g/dl

Fibrinogen 0.3 g/dl

Prothrombin 0.04 g/dl

A/G 1.7
Variations - Physiological

Infants - ↓-↓ Albumin

Old age - ↓A, ↑G

Pregnancy- ↓A,↓G &↑F

Menstruation- ↑F
Pathological – Decrease

Decreased Synthesis Excess loss


Starvation, Dietary Nephrotic syndrome,
deficiency, Mal Heamorrhage &
absorption syndrome, Extensive burns
Hepatitis & Cirrhosis

 Hereditary-
Analbuminemia &
Afibrinogenemia
Pathological – Increase
Acute inflammation - acute phase proteins:
↑C- reactive protein, Serum Amyloid A &
Haptoglobin, Fibrinogen. ↓ albumin & transferrin.

↑Gamma Globulins in TB, Acute hepatitis &


Nephritis.

↑Fibrinogen in tissue injury &malaria.


Properties-Molecular weight and
shape

PROTEIN Molecular Weight Shape


Albumin 69,000 Rectangular

Globulin 90,000 Elliptical

Fibrinogen 3.3 lakhs Fibrillar


Physical structure Globulin

Fibrinogen

Albumin
• Specific gravity - 1.026.

• Amphoteric nature – Efficient buffers (1/6 of buffering


capacity of blood ).

• Specific Iso electric point- PH value for electrical


neutrality.

• Electrophoretic mobility.
•Water solubility – Intravascular & intracellular
confinement (Exerts osmotic pressure of 25 mm of Hg,
(Albumin : Globulin – 6: 1.5).

• Combines with lipids and so keep it in solution.

•Viscosity – 50% of resistance to blood flow Fibrinogen ) – in


arterioles where there is ‘plasma skimming effect’. ( 12.5 g of
Albumin, 7.5 g of globulin & 1 g of fibrinogen)
Functions
 Maintenance of blood volume & BP: COP – limits filtration &
promotes back diffusion; prevents edema (> 3.5 g/dl ). Viscosity ->
peripheral resistance. Angiotensinogen – vaso constrictor.

 Haemsostasis

 Ig G, complements and interferon-Immunity.

 Alpha anti trypsin protects from development of Emphysema and


Cirrhosis of liver

 Transport and Carrier proteins (e.g. for Thyroxine, Cortisol & Cu


(ceruloplasmin), Fe (transferrin), Hb ( haptoglobin). -> non filtrable,
dampens variation in concentration of active form
Regulation of Acid Base balance.

Suspension stability of RBC ( Albumin ).

Polymorphism of plasma proteins in study of population


genetics ( e.g. Blood group antigens, antibodies ).

Polar residues keep lipo proteins in solution.

Albumin- protein reserve and nutritive to tissues for


growth and regeneration. Trephones from WBC is a
growth factor as does Fetuin in foetus and infants.
Plasmapheresis ( whipple’s )
< 3.5 g/dl -> generalized edema; <1-2 g/dl ->shock & death.

Fixed cell protein, Dispensable reserve protein & labile


reserve protein (Liver 10%, plasma 5%, muscle and
skin2.5% ).

Total albumin pool is 4-5 g/kg body weight; Daily turn


over is 200-400mg/kg/day.

Albumin closer to animal protein; Globulin replenished


early with vegetable protein.
Applied physiology
Plasmapheresis in Myasthenia Gravis, Good pasteurs
syndrome & Guillian Barre syndrome.

Serum total proteins -In liver disorders - ↓A/G in reduced


synthesis as in cirrhosis & reversal in Hepatitis.

Electrophoresis – Bence zones proteins of multiple


myeloma.

Wilson’s disease- deficiency of Ceruloplasmin-


Hepatolenticular degeneration

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