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Lecture Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

This document provides an introduction to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. [1] Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. [2] Key distinguishing features between the two types of cells are that prokaryotes have circular DNA, reproduce asexually through binary fission, and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have linear DNA organized into chromosomes, can reproduce sexually, and possess organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. [3] The structures of prokaryotic cells include a cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili

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Ayesha Masood
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71 views

Lecture Differences Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

This document provides an introduction to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. [1] Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. [2] Key distinguishing features between the two types of cells are that prokaryotes have circular DNA, reproduce asexually through binary fission, and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have linear DNA organized into chromosomes, can reproduce sexually, and possess organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. [3] The structures of prokaryotic cells include a cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili

Uploaded by

Ayesha Masood
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic Cells
Lecture

1st Year, 2nd Semester


Microbiology and Infection Control
(MICRO-302)
Prepared by;
Ambreen Rafique
INTRODUCTION TO PROKARYOTIC
AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Cells have involved into fundamentally


different types distinguished on basis of
their structure.
PROKARYOTIC

PRO: BEFORE, KARYON


(GR): NUCLEUS
 Definition:
 Cellular Organism lacking a
true nucleus and nuclear
membrane
 e.g. Bacteria.
EUKARYOTIC

 EU : WELL OR TRUE,
KARYON (GR) NUCLEUS
 Definition:
 Organism whose cells
have a true nucleus i.e. one
bounded by nuclear
membrane
 e.g. Protozoa, Fungi,
OTHER DISTINGUISHING
FEATURES
PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
i. Single circular molecule of loosely i. True nucleus with multiple chromosomes
organized DNA lacking a nuclear associated with histones surrounded by a
membrane and histones. nuclear membrane

ii. Method of replication by binary ii. Mitotic division


fission.

 iii. Membrane bound organelles such as


iii. No organelles mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi bodies and lysosomes

iv. Larger size ribosome (80s)


iv. Small size ribosome
v. Bounded by a flexible cell membrane or
v. Rigid external cell wall contain in case of fungi have rigid wall with
peptidoglycan chitin.
Structure of Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are made out of cells that don’t have a


nucleus or organelles enclosed by membranes.

Since prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus, the DNA


of the cell isn’t locked within a nucleus.
While prokaryotes don’t have a membrane-bound
nucleus the region that contains the DNA in a
prokaryotic cell is a central region referred to as the
nucleoid.

The DNA of prokaryotes is overall less structured than


the DNA found in eukaryotes. DNA structures in
prokaryotic cells are usually only a single loop, while the
DNA found in eukaryotic cells are bundled together in
chromosomes.
 Prokaryotic cells often have tail-like structures called

flagella, which are used to propel the cell around.

 The cells also have small tendrils called pili that are

used to exchange genetic material during a form of

reproduction called conjugation.


A prokaryotic cell typically has the following cell parts:

 Cell wall
 Plasma membrane
 Flagella
 Pili
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleoid
 Plasmid
Structure of Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotic organisms are made out of cells that
possess membrane-bound organelles and a
membrane-bound nucleus.

• The genetic material of eukaryotic organisms is


found within the nucleus of the cell and
chromosomes are how the DNA is organized
within the nucleus. 
• Eukaryotic cells comprise both single-

celled and multicellular forms of life. 


• Eukaryotes compose the bodies of all

protists, fungi, plants, and animals.


 Eukaryotes have the following parts:

• Cell wall (only plant cells)


• Plasma membrane
• Nucleolus
• Nucleus • Ribosomes
• Chromosomes • Endoplasmic reticulum
• Vesicles • Cytoplasm (and cytoskeleton)
• Golgi apparatus • Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Centrioles
• Chloroplasts (only plant cells)
 Prokaryotic cells are single-celled, have no membrane-bound

nucleus, have a circular DNA shape, reproduce asexually, are much

smaller than eukaryotes, and are divided into bacteria and archaea.

 Eukaryotes can be multi-celled, have a membrane-bound nucleus,

have linear DNA, are capable of reproducing sexually, are much

larger than prokaryotes, and make up plants, animals, protists, and

fungi.
Thank you

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