Comprehensive Training for DPWH Field Engineers:

Highway Maintenance Methods

February 15, 2019
A presentation by: DPWH Regional Office No. IV-A
Engr. Conrad Joseph R. Perez
Engineer II, Maintenance Division
Presentation Outline

I. Introduction
II. Types of Roadway Maintenance
III.Safety Measures during Maintenance Operations
IV. Department Order No. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy
Guidelines on the Maintenance of National Roads
and Bridges)
V. Repair Methodology / Corrective Measures and
Equipment Requirements
VI. Common Problems
I. Introduction

QUOTES:
“Roads in all countries represent an
important national asset”

“Management of road network asset of

such value requires adoption of the
most careful management practices
commensurate with those adopted by
the most successful businesses.”

Richard Robinson 2004

I. Introduction

Importance of Timely
Maintenance
When roads are properly maintained,
the road users and administrators
benefit from improved traffic
efficiency, reduce travelling cost, and
road reconstruction expenses.
I. Introduction “Highway Life Cycle”

Planning
 After the construction of roads and
bridges, it is up to Maintenance
Section to keep the roadway safe
and serviceable for all road users, at
par with international standards.

 It is also the role of Maintenance to Maintenanc

Design
provide inputs or feedback to the e
Planning Section regarding particular
road segments that need immediate
repair or already have many defects
in order to be prioritized for project
implementation. Constructio
n
I. Introduction

WHAT IS MAINTENANCE?
The preservation of infrastructure facilities to prolong the life span of the structure. It is the required work
to keep the structure in the original condition.

WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?

1.To retain highway safety and standards
2.To preserve structural integrity & design life
3.Minimize vehicle operating cost.

WHY DO WE DO MAINTENANCE?
To provide comfort and convenience to the travelling public and to preserve the government’s investment in
the road network.
I. Introduction

ROADWAY MAINTENANCE
Is the act of PRESERVING and KEEPING the roadway system in, as near as
possible, its ORIGINALLY CONSTRUCTED or subsequently IMPROVED
state, to PROTECT the investment in the roadway system and provide
SAFETY, COMFORT and CONVENIENCE to the travelling public.
PHMMM 2014
II. Types of Roadway Maintenance

1. Routine Maintenance
2. Periodic Maintenance
3. Preventive Maintenance
4. Emergency Maintenance
 II. Types of Roadway Maintenance

MAINTENANCE BY ADMINISTRATION
1. Routine Maintenance
 maintenance regularly performed throughout
the year and includes carriageway maintenance
and roadside maintenance.
 It is the day-to-day work that is necessary to
preserve and keep the pavement close to an as-
constructed condition as possible.
 Examples: patching potholes, crack sealing, spot
gravelling/reshaping of shoulders, vegetation
control, signage repair, side drain or canal
cleaning. Pothole Patching
Routine Maintenance

Ditch Cleaning
Crack/Joint Sealing
Vegetation Control
Routine Maintenance

Sign Maintenance Reshaping of

Shoulders
II. Types of Roadway Maintenance

2. Periodic Maintenance
 Refers to works more extensive than routine
maintenance and helps prevent:
(a) undue roadway deterioration,
(b) frequent routine maintenance,
(c) vehicular accidents
 regularly performed on a specific period of time
i.e. pavement markings application (edge/lane
line).
 Examples: Re-gravelling of unpaved roads, Women do Highway Maintenance Jobs
resealing bituminous pavements, replacing
Thermoplastic Markings
timber deck, bridge repainting.
Application
Periodic Maintenance

 This segment
used to have
raveling defect,
but with proper
maintenance
was brought
back to good
condition.

Re-gravelling of Resealing of bituminous

unpaved road pavement
 II. Types of Roadway Maintenance

MAINTENANCE BY CONTRACT
3. Preventive Maintenance
 It is the work which is done to prevent
deterioration of a pavement to restore a
pavement to its as-constructed condition,
thus reducing the need for more substantial
work (Construction & Improvement).
 More extensive than normal periodic
maintenance activities
 Examples: Concrete Reblocking, Asphalt
Overlay Asphalt Overlay
Preventive Maintenance on Roads

Concrete Reblocking
Preventive Maintenance on Bridges

 Repair of defects classified as “poor condition” based on the condition rating criteria of
the Bridge Management System (BMS)

Epoxy injection for Carbon fiber Caulking and epoxy Waterproofing on

crack sheet/plate bonding injection for crack deck slab
Preventive Maintenance on Bridges

Steel plate adding

Repainting
Carbon fiber plate bonding

Anti-corrosion paint
Preventive Maintenance on Bridges

Asphalt plug joint for small gap Replacement of bearing with

jack-up girder

Replacement of expansion joint Repainting of steel bearing

II. Types of Roadway Maintenance

4. Emergency Maintenance
 Work/Maintenance performed on the
roadway system during and after storms,
calamities and other emergency
conditions to protect the travelling public
and roadway system and provide
temporary passage when possible.

Clearing of Landslides
Emergency Maintenance

Removal of Fallen Clearing of Landslide in Clearing of Landslide in

Trees / Debris in Ifugao Albay Batanes
When is Routine and Preventive Maintenance
Applied?
Preventive Maintenance Applied
Behaviour of Asphalt Pavement under Varying
Maintenance Interventions
Behaviour of Concrete Pavement under
Varying Maintenance Interventions
LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MAINTENANCE
Long Term Performance Based
Maintenance Contract is a new concept
designed to increase the efficiency and
effectiveness of road maintenance
operations. It is a multi year contract
which consists of three components,
namely,
• Road and Bridge Performance Based
Maintenance
• Preventive Maintenance
• Maintenance Backlog Reduction
 LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MAINTENANCE
Works include Regular Routine and Periodic
Maintenance Activities

• For Routine Maintenance Activities

• Pothole patching, scaling of cracks on pavement

• Grading and patching of shoulders
• Drainage cleaning and clearing
• Roadside and feature maintenance; vegetation
control, road sign and guardrail cleaning and
repainting; and maintenance of other roadside
features.
• Road markings maintenance
• Bridge maintenance, cleaning of bridge decks,
shelves framework and drainage, spot repainting
and clearing of waterway flows.
 LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MAINTENANCE
For Periodic Maintenance Activities

• Re-gravelling of shoulders.
• Large area resealing of pavement
• Bridge parapet repairs, deck sealing, scour
protection, repainting.
 LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MAINTENANCE
Preventive Maintenance Activities

This refers to works more extensive than

routine maintenance and helps prevent
undue roadway deterioration .

• Asphalt Overlay
• Concrete reblocking
 LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance Backlog Reduction

Work consists of :

• Restoration (re-gravelling) of the shoulders

• Reconditioning of drainage facilities and
construction of new drainage facilities
• Slope protection work
LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ROADS
LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MAINTENANCE
LONG TERM PERFORMANCE BASED
MAINTENANCE
List of Highway Maintenance Activities

 Standard routine
maintenance activities are
subdivided into the following
WORK CATEGORIES based
on the PHMMM 2014
List of Highway Maintenance Activities
III. Safety Measures during Maintenance Operations
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) & Uniform

Goggles
Hard Hat

DPWH
Orange T-shirt or
Longsleeves
Face Mask

Reflectorized Traffic Vest

Jeans/Maong
Pants
Safety Shoes
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) & Uniform

DPWH
Cap

Gloves

Gears in Routine Maintenance Rubber Boots

Work (Roadside)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) & Uniform

Raincoat
(Butterfly)

Gears in Routine Maintenance

Work (Carriageway)
Signs for Worksites Advance Warning

Workman Sign on Stand

Signs for Worksites Regulatory Control of Traffic

Hand Held Signs Stop / Go Flags Speed Restriction

End Speed
Restriction
Signs for Worksites Signs for Detours
Signs for Worksites Lane and Road Closures

Lane Status Sign (3-lanes)

Lane Status Sign

(2-lanes)
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
Principles of Good Signage and Markings
 Traffic Control Devices

Temporary
Hazard Markers Lightweight Plastic Units
Traffic Cones

Traffic Bollards
Barrier Board
Concrete Barrier
Traffic Control Devices

Flashing Arrow Board Variable Message Signs

Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
Worksite Layout of Signages and Devices
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
REMOVAL OF SAFETY DEVICES
IV. Department Order No. 41, s. 2016

This Department Order shall take effect immediately and shall supersede:

1. D.O. No. 171, s. 2015: “Policy Guidelines on the Maintenance of National Roads and
Bridges”

2. Department Order No. 13, s. 2011: ''Revised Guidelines in the Maintenance of National
Roads and Bridges”;

3. Department Order No. 179 s. 1997: ''Revised Guidelines of Inspection to Rate the Physical
Condition of National Roads and Bridges"; and,

4. Department Order No. 31, s. 2000: "Guidelines for the Imposition of Administrative
Sanctions to Regional/District Technical Personnel Involved in the Defective
Implementation of Maintenance Activities for National Roads and Bridges”.
IV. Department Order No. 41, s. 2016

Amended Policy Guidelines on the

Maintenanance of National Roads and Bridges

 To further improve the maintenance service delivery to

the public and with the preservation of government
infrastructure assets being one of the main thrusts of the
Department, the herein Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges is hereby
prescribed for compliance of all concerned.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

1. Regional Directors
2. District Engineers
3. Assistant District Engineers
4. Maintenance Point Persons
5. District Maintenance Engineer
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

1. Regional Directors
 Shall institute all measures to ensure that DEOs
are performing their assigned tasks and
responsibilities under this Order;
 Shall closely monitor the physical condition of all
national roads within his jurisdiction and shall
support all DEOs to successfully achieve the
DPWH objective for better and safer roads. The
Assistant Regional Director and the Regional
Maintenance Engineer are enjoined to faithfully
assist in these tasks.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

2. District Engineers
 Shall be directly responsible for the efficient
and timely maintenance of all national roads
and bridges within their respective jurisdictions;
 Shall be held accountable for the proper
expenditure of maintenance funds and in the
management of all other resources intended for
the repair and maintenance of each road and
bridge section in their area of concern;
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

2. District Engineers
 Shall promptly submit to the Undersecretary for
Technical Services, copy furnished the Director,
Bureau of Maintenance, the names and latest
picture of the MPPs and their respective
assigned road section. Any changes in the
assignment shall be submitted likewise to the
above Offices.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

3. Assistant District Engineers

 Shall designate Maintenance Point Persons
(MPPs), who are preferably a permanent staff
occupying the position of Engineer II;
Construction or Maintenance Foreman or
Construction or Maintenance Capataz. For
urban areas, each MPP will be assigned
approximately 20 km and for semi-urban to
rural areas, approximately 40 km; Assigning
Maintenance Area Engineers shall henceforth
be discontinued;
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

SAMPLE UPDATED MPP LIST

 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

3. Assistant District Engineers

 Shall closely monitor the activities of the
District Maintenance Engineer to ensure that
the scheduled works (repair of defects and
rectification activities) are prioritized and
implemented.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

4. Maintenance Point Persons

 Shall conduct inspection, at least twice a week, of
the entire road section including the bridges subject
of his/her assignment for the purpose of identifying
and recording all noted defects and deficiencies;
 Shall log results of inspection using Form MP-1
(Daily Road Inspection Report) which contains
location of noted defects/deficiencies; estimated
quantity, etc, and in which MP-1 shall be submitted
daily to the Maintenance Engineer, copy furnished
the District Engineer.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

Sample MP-1 Form

Department
Departmentof
ofPublic
PublicWorks
Worksand
andHighways
Highways
REPORT
REPORT ON
ON THE
THE INSPECTION
INSPECTION OF
OF DEFECTS/
DEFECTS/ DEFICIENCIES
DEFICIENCIES
Date
Date of
of Inspection:
Inspection: ____________
____________

Region:
Region: _________
_________ Form
Form MP-1
MP-1
District:
District: _________
_________ BOM-MPP-INS
BOM-MPP-INS
Defect(s)/
Defect(s)/
Sationing/Station
Sationing/StationLimit/Landmark
Limit/Landmark Date
Date inspected
inspected Estimated
Estimated Quantity
Quantity and
and Unit
Unit of
of Measure
Measure Remarks
Remarks
Deficiencies*
Deficiencies*

** Deficects/Deficiencies:
Deficects/Deficiencies:
Prepared
Preparedby:
by: 01
01 Potholes
Potholes 07
07 Low/Inverted
Low/InvertedShoulder
Shoulder
02
02 Alligator
AlligatorCracks
Cracks 08
08 Lush
LushVegetation
Vegetation
03
03 Major
MajorScaling
Scaling 09
09 Clogged
CloggedDrainage
Drainage
________________________________
________________________________ 04
04 Shoving/Corrugation/Rutting/Depression
Shoving/Corrugation/Rutting/Depression 10
10 Open
OpenManhole
Manhole
Engineer
Engineer 05
05 Pumping
Pumping and
and Depression
Depression 11
11 No/Inadequate/Excess
No/Inadequate/ExcessSealant
Sealant
06
06 -E
-ENo/Faded
No/Faded Edge
EdgeLine
Line 12
12 Cracks
Cracks
06
06 -C
-C No/Faded
No/Faded Center
Center Line
Line 13
13 Raveling
Raveling
06
06 -Y
-YNo/Faded
No/Faded Yellow
Yellow Line
Line 14
14 Unmaintained
UnmaintainedTraffic
TrafficSignages
Signages
06
06 -P
-PNo/Faded
No/Faded Pedestrian
Pedestrian Lane
Lane 15
15 Unmaintained
UnmaintainedBridges
Bridges
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

5. District Maintenance Engineer

 Shall assign technical personnel within his Office
to regularly conduct actual field inspections to
validate if the MPPs had correctly logged and
reported the location of the noted
defects/deficiencies.
 Shall immediately schedule rectification/repair
works on the defects/deficiencies noted by the
MPPs, mindful of the response time allowed for
each defect.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

A. Specific Responsibilities

5. District Maintenance Engineer

 As the DME's assigned technical personnel will
conduct actual field inspections to regularly
monitor the rectification/repair works to
ensure quality and economic practicality of
completed works, the DME shall among
others, order such works to be redone if the
same is not to standards.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

B. Frequency of Inspection/Validation by
BOM

 Validation to assess the Regional/District

Engineering Office as to compliance to this
order shall be regularly conducted by the BOM:
NCR - at least four (4) times a year
Other Regional Offices - at least two (2) times
a year
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

C. Procedures for Inspection/Validation

1. One (1) technical personnel from the BOM

accompanied by the District Maintenance
Engineer concerned, the Maintenance
Point Persons (MPPs) assigned in the area
and the Regional Maintenance Division
representative/s knowledgeable in the area BOM R.O. DME MPPs
to be inspected (collectively called: the
Team) shall conduct the actual field
inspection based on the coverage and
frequencies detailed above.
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

C. Procedures for Inspection/Validation

2. Each member of the Team shall attest and affix their

respective signature on the daily inspection report
prepared by the BOM to certify as to the correctness
of the same.
3. BOM's inspection/assessment shall be based,
among others, on the following RESPONSE TIMES
prescribed below to rectify noted BOM R.O. DME MPPs
defects/deficiencies. Past records of Forms MP-l
and MP-2 within the 10-day period before the
conduct of assessment shall be submitted by the
DEOs to the BOM personnel;
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

Prescribed response time for rectifying

each defect/deficiency

Code Defects/Deficiencies Response Time

01 Potholes 3 days
02 Alligators cracks 3 days
03 Major Scaling 30 days
04 Shoving and Corrugation 10 days
05 Pumping and Depression 30 days
06 No/Faded Road Marking 15 days
07 Low/inverted shoulder 7 days
08 Lush vegetation 3 days
09 Clogged drains 3 days
10 Open Manhole 10 days
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

Prescribed response time for rectifying

each defect/deficiency

Code Defects/Deficiencies Response Time

11 No/Inadequate Sealant in Joints 3 days

12 Cracks 3 days
13 Raveling 7 days
14 Unmaintained Road Signages 3 days
15 Unmaintained Bridges 3 days
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

C. Procedures for Inspection/Validation

MPP WEATHER CHART
For the Month of: June 2018

Region: NCR District: Quezon City 1st

12 12 12 12 12

4. A 24-hour weather chart shall be prepared

6

12
1 6 2

12
6 3

12
6 4
3

12
6 5

12
6

to indicate the prevailing weather condition 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9

6
6 10 6

at the time of inspection/ assessment; 12 12 12 12 12

6 11 6 12 6 13 6 14 6 15 6

12 12 12 12 12

6 16 6 17 6 18 6 19 6 20 6

12 12 12 12 12

6 21 6 22 6 23 6 24 6 25 6

12 12 12 12 12

6 26 6 27 6 28 6 29 6 30 6

12 12 12 12 12

6 31 6 Legend: - Fair 12 NN

- Rainshower
6 AM 6 PM
12 - Rainy

- Typhoon 12 PM
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

C. Procedures for Inspection/Validation

5. Inspection shall be done preferably by

"walking-the-line" to ensure that a thorough
road assessment is conducted to determine
not only the degree of performance of each
DEO in the maintenance of their respective
road network but likewise their adherence
to the response time prescribed for each
defects noted and the quality of the
completed rectification works;
Coded Defects / Deficiencies
 POTHOLE
Code 01

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Code 01 – Bowl-shaped Depression

 Bowl-shaped depression in the pavement surface resulting

from the loss of wearing course or base materials

Concrete Pavement Asphalt Pavement

Code 01 – Delamination

 Loss of a discreet area of a wearing course layer due to poor

bonding between the surface and the lower layer
Code 01 – Slippage Cracking

 It often occurs as a result of poor bonding or adhesion

between layers
Code 01 – Edge Break

 Chipping or breaking occurs at the corner or edge side of the

pavement with depression or removal of pavement surface
Code 01 – Spalling

 Breakdown or disintegration of slab surface at edges, joints, corners or

cracks (spalls≥ 50mm wide, measured from the face of the joint or crack,
with loss of material, or broken into two or more pieces)
Code 01 – Chuck-hole or Punch-out

 A depressed or broken part of a slab resulting from pavement

cracking or disintegration of concrete
Recommended Corrective
Measure
On bituminous pavement:
• bituminous premix (hot) or penetration
patching of the affected area; adding
base materials, if needed, is included if
no subgrade repair is required.
Recommended Corrective
Measure
On concrete pavement
• bituminous premix (hot) or penetration
patching.
 ALLIGATOR
CRACKS
Code 02

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Code 02 – Alligator Cracks

 Interconnected or interlaced cracks forming a series of small

polygons resembling an alligator hide.
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Bituminous premix (hot) or penetration
patching; adding base materials, if
needed, is included if no subgrade repair
is required.
MAJOR SCALING
Code 03

Response Time: 30
DAYS
Code 03 – Major Scaling

 Deterioration of the upper concrete slab surface of more than 10mm

affecting the whole slab.
Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Reblocking
of Slabs
SHOVING AND
CORRUGATION
Code 04
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 10
DAYS
Code 04 – Shoving

 is the bulging of the road surface generally parallel to the direction of

traffic and/or horizontal displacement of surfacing materials, mainly in
the direction of traffic where braking or acceleration movement occur.
Code 04 – Corrugation

 refers to transverse undulations, closely and regularly spaced, with

wavelengths of less than 2 meters.
Code 04 – Rutting

 is a longitudinal deformation in a wheel path. May occur in one or both

wheel paths of a lane.
Code 04 – Depression

 Localized area within the pavement with elevations lower than the
surrounding area. May not be confined to wheel paths and could extend
across several wheel paths.
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Half or full width replacement of defective
pavement. Frequent recurrence of the defect
in a section must be investigated to
determine a more appropriate intervention
such as:
a. Program road for reconstruction
b. Consider removal and replacement of
affected area
PUMPING AND
DEPRESSION
Code 05
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 30
DAYS
Code 05 – Pumping

 Seeping or ejection of water from beneath the pavement through cracks

causing rocking, faulting and slab cracking
Code 05 – Faulting

 is the difference in elevation across a joint or crack creating a "step"

deformation
Code 05 – Slab Cracking

 under this code refers to shattered slab

Code 05 – Depression

 a dip in the pavement surface almost invariably across a crack or joint.

 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Reblocking / replacement of concrete
pavement, including base correction
NO/FADED PAVEMENT
MARKINGS
Code 06
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 15
DAYS
Code 06-E – No/Faded Edge Line

 absence of pavement markings or as visually assessed, less than 50%

visibility

No Edge Line

Faded Edge Line

Code 06-C – No/Faded Center Line

 absence of pavement markings or as visually assessed, less than 50%

visibility

No Center Line
Code 06-Y – No/Faded Yellow Line

 absence of pavement markings or as visually assessed, less than 50%

visibility

Faded Yellow Lines

Code 06-Y – No/Faded Yellow Box

 includes yellow box lines in major intersections with traffic light

No Yellow Box
Code 06-P – No/Faded Pedestrian Lane

 in schools, hospitals, government offices, and major intersections

Faded Pedestrian Lane

 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Application or re-application of pavement
markings using Thermoplastic Paint.
• Carriageway width > 6.10m must be
provided with Edge and Center Line
markings.
• Repainting of Faded Strips.
LOW/INVERTED
SHOULDER
Code 07
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 7
DAYS
Code 07 – Low Shoulder

 Loss of shouldering materials resulting to shoulder level being lower than

the pavement level
Code 07 – Inverted Shoulder

 Excess of shouldering materials resulting to shoulder level being higher

than the pavement level
Code 07 – Vegetated Shoulder

 Growth of grass on shoulders (preventing surface run-offs from draining)

Code 07 – Vegetated Shoulder

 Growth of grass on shoulders (preventing surface run-offs from draining)

Code 07 – Low Paved Shoulder

 Uneven finished grade level between an asphalt overlaid pavement and

existing sealed pavement
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Resurfacing or reshaping of unpaved
shoulder;
• Reinstatement of dropped / settled shoulder
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Provided that the shoulder is stable,
grasses are trimmed to a height that would
allow water to drain from the pavement
surface.
• For purposes of minimizing danger, provide
lane-to-shoulder transition.
LUSH VEGETATION
Code 08
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Code 08 – Lush Vegetation

 Growth of grass, weeds and shrubs or any kind of vegetation from the side
of the canal to the RROW limits reaching an average height of 0.60 meters.
Code 08 – Lush Vegetation

 This will include trimming/pruning of trees in compliance with

D.O. 93, s. 2014
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Vegetation Control
CLOGGED DRAINS
Code 09
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Code 09 – Clogged Drains

 Obstructed flow of surface run-offs in the drains due to accumulated

materials such as construction spoils, soil, garbage, leaves, rocks, etc.
Code 09 – Vegetated Canal
Code 09 – Silted Canal
Code 09 – Obstructed Canal
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Manual cleaning/declogging of canals/
drainage culverts.
• Repair damaged lined canal / replace
damaged individual culvert pieces.
• Manual ditch cleaning and reshaping of
unlined ditch.
OPEN MANHOLE
Code 10
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 10
DAYS
Code 10 – Open Manhole

 Not limited to uncovered drainage manhole but

also includes the following defects/deficiencies on
these structures:
•

• Damaged curb inlets and missing gratings

• Damaged drainage/manhole edges and covers.
• Unlevelled/unfit drainage/manhole covers
• Missing drainage steel gratings
Code 10 – Damaged Manhole Cover
Code 10 – Unlevelled / Open Drainage Cover
Code 10 – Unfit Manhole Cover and
Damaged Curb Inlet
Code 10 – Damaged Steel Grating
Code 10 – Depressed Manhole Cover
Code 10 – Unlevelled Manhole Cover
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Repair damaged drainage manhole covers &
opening edges, curb inlets, and drainage
gratings.
• Replace missing drainage manhole covers,
curb inlets/drainage gratings.
NO/ INADEQUATE
SEALANT IN JOINTS
Code 11
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Code 11 – No/Inadequate Sealant in Joints
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Apply sealant on open and under-sealed
joints
 CRACKS
Code 12
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Code 12 – Transverse Crack

 Unconnected crack running transversely across the pavement/slab.

Code 12 – Longitudinal Crack

 Crack running longitudinally along the pavement; can occur singly or as a

series of nearly parallel cracks.
Code 12 – Block Crack

 interconnected cracks forming a series of blocks approximately rectangular

in shape, commonly distributed over the full pavement. Cell sizes are
usually greater than 1m.
Code 12 – Corner Crack

 a crack extending diagonally from longitudinal edge to

transverse/weakened plane joint.
Code 12 – Diagonal Crack

 Unconnected crack diagonally across a pavement/slab

Code 12 – Reflection Crack

 cracks on asphalt mirrored from the unsealed concrete weakened plane

joint and longitudinal joint.
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Seal working cracks with asphalt sealant or
pressurized concrete epoxy.
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• For cracks on concrete, consider cross-
stitching (Type 1: Staple tie bar or, Type 2
diagonal tie bar). See DO 4, s. 2006: Interim
Guidelines for the maintenance and
rehabilitation of unreinforced concrete
roads.
RAVELLING
Code 13
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 7
DAYS
Code 13 – Ravelling

 Progressive disintegration of the pavement surface by loss of both binder

and aggregates.
Code 13 – Ravelling
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Removal/replacement or resealing of the
affected road section or if a large area is
affected, monitoring to the period of
reconstruction.
UNMAINTAINED
ROAD SIGNAGES
Code 14
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Code 14 – Vandalized Sign
Code 14 – Leaning Sign
Code 14 – Missing Sign
Code 14 – Sign not facing traffic
Code 14 – Other Unmaintained Signage
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Repair/replacement of broken /damaged or
vandalized signages; cleaning of dirty
signages.
UNMAINTAINED
BRIDGES
Code 15
CORRUGATION

Response Time: 3
DAYS
Unmaintained Bridges
• Refers to any of the following commonly
noted defects
NOTE: It takes a minimum combination
of two from the listed defects in order
to classify a bridge as unmaintained.
Code 15 – Damaged Railings
Code 15 – Damaged Curb and Sidewalk
Code 15 – Cracking on Bridge Deck
Code 15 – Faded Bridge Paint & Bridge Name
Code 15 – Obstructed Bridge Waterway
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Cleaning of bridge deck and water drain;
Repair of damaged curbs, sidewalk, wing
wall, and railing; bridge painting/repainting;
installation of signages and bridge name;
and clearing of bridge waterway.
 Recommended Corrective
Measure
• Repair moderate to severe spalling, scaling,
and cracking by full or partial depth
replacement (includes concrete decks with
bituminous wearing surface).
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

4. POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF

SANCTIONS
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

5. MECHANISMS FOR IMPOSITION OF

SANCTION and ISSUANCE OF REWARD
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

5. MECHANISMS FOR IMPOSITION OF

SANCTION and ISSUANCE OF REWARD
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

5. MECHANISMS FOR IMPOSITION OF

SANCTION and ISSUANCE OF REWARD
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

5. MECHANISMS FOR IMPOSITION OF

SANCTION and ISSUANCE OF REWARD
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

5. MECHANISMS FOR IMPOSITION OF

SANCTION and ISSUANCE OF REWARD
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

5. MECHANISMS FOR IMPOSITION OF

SANCTION and ISSUANCE OF REWARD
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

5. MECHANISMS FOR IMPOSITION OF

SANCTION and ISSUANCE OF REWARD
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

ILLUSTRATIVE SAMPLE ON HOW THE MECHANISM OF THE

POINT SYSTEM FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTION
SHALL BE APPLIED
 D.O. 41, s. 2016 (Amended Policy Guidelines on the
Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)

REWARD AND SANCTION MECHANISM

V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
and Proper Supervision
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Act. 111
Typical Crew Typical Materials
 1 – Foreman 1. Tack Coat
 1 – Driver 2. Hot Mix or Cold Mix Asphalt
 1 – Operator (for levelling) 3. Emulsified Asphalt or Cut-back Asphalt
 6 - Laborers 4. Base Course (for additional base)

Tack Coat Hot Mix Asphalt Cold Mix Asphalt Base Course
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Act. 111
Typical Equipment
 1 – Service Vehicle or Dump Truck
 1 – Vibratory Plate Compactor
 1 – Road Roller
 1 – Torch/Burner (if required)
Road Roller
 Hand Tools Service Vehicle Mini Dump Truck
(Vibromax)
 Safety Devices
 PPE

Concrete Plate Jack Hammer

Asphalt Heater Cutter Compactor
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Activity 111
Typical Equipment
 1 – Service Vehicle or Dump Truck
 1 – Vibratory Plate Compactor
 1 – Road Roller
 1 – Torch/Burner (if required)
 Hand Tools Half Drum Wrecking Bar Pick Mattock
 Safety Devices
 PPE

Shovel Rake Wheelbarrow

 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Activity 111
1 3
Procedures 2

1. Place road safety devices

2. Remove water
3. Mark the defective area
4. Cut and break the defective area 5 4
6
5. Dispose excavated materials
6. Apply tack coat / prime coat
7. Place the mix
8. Compact the mix
8
9. Clean the tools and area 9 10
7
10. Remove the safety devices
Note: For concrete pavement, no
cutting needed
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Activity 111
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Activity 111
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Activity 111
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Activity 111
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Premix Patching Bituminous Pavement

Activity 111
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Cracks and Joints Sealing of Concrete

Pavement, Act. 122
Typical Crew Typical Materials
 1 – Foreman 1. Penetration (Hot) Asphalt
 1 – Driver 2. Emulsified Asphalt (if penetration
 5-6 – Laborers hot asphalt is not used)
3. Gravel (pea size)
4. Sand

Asphalt Cement
Sand Pea size gravel 60/70
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Cracks and Joints Sealing of Concrete

Pavement, Act. 122
Typical Equipment
 Service Vehicle
 Air Compressor
 Asphalt Cooker/Heater
 Torch/Burner Service Vehicle Air Compressor Half Drum Coat Spreader
 Hand Tools
 Safety Devices
 PPE

Mechanized Asphalt Heater Gas Torch Squeegee

Asphalt Sealer
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Cracks and Joints Sealing of Concrete

Pavement, Act. 122
1
Procedures 2

1. Heat asphalt to proper temp. (180-

200℃)
2. Place road safety devices
3. Crack routing (NOTE: not
5 4 3
applicable for pavement joints)
4. Clean and dry the crack/joint
5. Apply asphalt sealant
6. Remove excess using squeegee
7. Blot or cover with sand (NOTE: not
applicable for Blown Asphalt)
8. Housekeeping
6 7 8 9
9. Remove road safety devices
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Replacement of Concrete Pavement

Act. 123
Typical Crew Typical Materials
 1 – Foreman 1. Portland cement
 1 – Driver 2. Gravel
 1-2 – Operators 3. Sand Deformed
Plain
 5-7 – Laborers (includes 2 artisans) 4. Base Course (for additional base) tie bar
dowel bar
5. Rebar (deformed and plain)
6. Joint Sealant

Cement Gravel Sand Aggregate

Base Course
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Replacement of Concrete Pavement

Act. 123
Typical Equipment
 Service vehicle / dump truck
 Air compressor
 Jack hammer / breaker
 Concrete mixer
 Vibratory plate compactor Service Vehicle Dump Truck Air Compressor Jack Hammer
 Impact drill
 Concrete cutter
 Concrete vibrator
 Hand tools (broom, float,
shovel, crow bar, trowel,
screed)
Concrete
 PPE Concrete Mixer Vibratory Plate Impact Drill
Cutter
Compactor
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Replacement of Concrete Pavement

Act. 123
Typical Equipment
 Service vehicle / dump truck
 Air compressor
 Jack hammer / breaker
 Concrete mixer
Concrete Vibrator Broom
 Vibratory plate compactor Float Shovel
 Impact drill
 Concrete cutter
 Concrete vibrator
 Hand tools (broom, float,
shovel, crow bar, trowel,
screed)
 PPE Crow Bar Trowel
Power Screed
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Replacement of Concrete Pavement

Act. 123
Procedures 1 2

1. Place road safety devices

2. Cut and break the concrete
slab
3. Dispose the excavated 4 3
materials and clean
4. Place the base materials and
compact
5
5. Place forms, tie bars and
6 7
dowel bars
6. Pour the concrete mix
7. Vibrate the mix
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Replacement of Concrete Pavement

Act. 123
Procedures 8 9
8. Screeding
9. Floating
10. Brooming
11. Cut the concrete slab
12. Curing
13. Apply joint sealant 10 11
14. Clean the area and tools used
15. Remove the safety devices
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Replacement of Concrete Pavement

Act. 123
Procedures 13
12
8. Screeding
9. Floating
10. Brooming
11. Cut the concrete slab
12. Curing
13. Apply joint sealant 14 15
14. Clean the area and tools used
15. Remove the safety devices
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Centerline and Lane Line Repainting

Act. 302

Typical Crew Typical Materials

 1 – Foreman 1. Thermoplastic paint
 1 – Driver 2. Calsumine (for pitik)
 1 – Operator 3. Glass beads
 7 – Laborers 4. Primer Thermoplastic paint Primer
5. LPG compound

Glass beads LPG on

applicator
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Centerline and Lane Line Repainting

Act. 302

Typical Equipment
 Service vehicle / dump
truck
 Kneading machine
 Thermoplastic applicator
 Hand tools (broom, paint
roller for primer) Service Vehicle Dump Truck
 Safety Devices
Thermoplastic
 PPE applicator
 V. Repair Methodology, Equipment Requirements
& Proper Supervision

Centerline and Lane Line Repainting

Act. 302

Procedures 1 2

1. Place road safety devices

2. Clean the area
3. Lay out the area to be 3
painted 4
4. Apply primer
5. Apply thermoplastic paint
6. Transfer road safety devices 5
7. Clean the tools and
equipment 6 7,8
8. Remove safety devices
VI. Common Problems in Maintenance

Problems Solutions
1. The implementing offices lack Major  The DEO concerned can coordinate
and Minor Basic Highway with the Bureau of Equipment (BOE) in
Maintenance Equipment as well as order to achieve the minimum fleet
specialized equipment needed to requirement as well as acquire needed
perform maintenance activities. equipment based on D.O. 64, s. 2016
2. Wrong methodology / malpractices  The Bureau of Maintenance has been
during rectification of highway conducting the MET (Maintenance
defects such as non-squaring of Enhancement Training Program for
potholes, use of wrong materials for Maintenance Personnel) in order to
rectification, non-compaction of equip the workers with the proper
shouldering materials, dumping of knowledge and skills on various repair
spoils on canals and shoulders, etc. methodologies.
VI. Common Problems in Maintenance

Problems Solutions
3. Poor quality of materials used in  All materials to be used in rectification
rectification such as oversized should be properly checked by the
aggregates for shouldering materials, Quality Assurance Section. Materials
poor asphalt mix, and paint that for shouldering materials should pass
easily fades. the standard for Item 200, 201 or 300.
 Thermoplastic paint is advised for use.
4. Accidents are encountered by  Remind workers during toolbox meetings to
maintenance crews on site. always put their safety as a priority.
Debris/rocks hitting cars during grass  Require workers to always wear PPEs
cutting operations is one usual  During grass cutting, net/board should be
held up by a crew member to prevent rocks
accident. from hitting cars plying along the
carriageway.
VI. Common Problems in Maintenance

Problems Solutions
5. Some workers do not maximize the  Proper work supervision and
whole day and are seen unoccupied management by Engineers and
in their work. Maintenance Foreman
6. Limited maintenance fund  Prioritization of fund that would ensure
the optimum use of resources and will
benefit the most number of people
through improved safety and
convenience on the road.
&
References

1. DPWH & JICA Philippine Highway Maintenance Management Manual 2014

2. DPWH Road Works Safety Manual 2004
3. DPWH & JICA Pocketbook on Routine Maintenance 2014
4. DPWH Department Order No. 41, s. 2016
5. The World Bank Transport Note No. TRN-4, June 2005