Scribd
Upload
310 views28 pages

Chapter 4 DRRR

An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. [1] Ground shaking or ground motion is the primary hazard, as it can damage structures and destabilize sloping ground. [2] Surface rupture can occur along faults and tear structures apart. [3] Liquefaction can occur in saturated soils, reducing their strength. [4] Earthquakes can cause subsidence or lowering of the ground surface. [5] Tsunamis are generated by underwater earthquakes or landslides and displace large volumes of water. [6] Earthquakes frequently trigger landslides in susceptible areas.

Uploaded by

wendell john mediana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
310 views28 pages

Chapter 4 DRRR

An earthquake is caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. [1] Ground shaking or ground motion is the primary hazard, as it can damage structures and destabilize sloping ground. [2] Surface rupture can occur along faults and tear structures apart. [3] Liquefaction can occur in saturated soils, reducing their strength. [4] Earthquakes can cause subsidence or lowering of the ground surface. [5] Tsunamis are generated by underwater earthquakes or landslides and displace large volumes of water. [6] Earthquakes frequently trigger landslides in susceptible areas.

Uploaded by

wendell john mediana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

CHAPTER 4 DRRR

 An earthquake (also known as a quake,


tremor or temblor) is the perceptible
shaking of the surface of the Earth,
resulting from the sudden release of
energy in the Earth’s crust that creates
seismic waves.
Geologist explains that an
earthquake is a type of hazard that
depends on the strength of seismic
activity, along with such factors as local
topographic and built features, subsurface
geology and groundwater. A large
earthquake will always be followed by a
sequence of aftershocks that normally
aggravates its effect on human and
material elements like buildings and
infrastructure.
1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion
The earth shakes with the passage of earthquake waves,
which radiate energy that had been “stored” in stressed
rocks, and were released when a fault broke and the
rocks slipped to relieve the pent – up stress.
 If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking
intensity, structures like buildings, bridges, and dams
can be severely damaged, and cliffs and sloping
ground destabilized. Perched or stacked object may
fall and injure or bury anyone close by.
 Ground shaking will vary over an area due to such
factors as topography, bedrock type, and the location
and orientation of the fault rupture.
2. Ground or Surface Rupture
 Surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface
when fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface.
Any structure built across the fault is at risk of
being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip
past each other.
3. Liquefaction
 Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength

and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake


shaking or other rapid loading. It normally occur in
saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space
between the individual particles is completely filled with
water.
4. Earthquake – induced ground subsidence and
lateral spreading
 Subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface, often
occurs during earthquakes. This may be due to
downward vertical displacement on one side of a fault,
and can sometimes affect a huge area of land. Coastal
areas can become permanently flooded as a result.
5. Tsunami
 A tsunami also known as a seismic sea wave,
is a series of waves in a water body caused
by the displacement of a large volume of
water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other
underwater explosions, landslides, glacier
cavings, meteorite impacts and other
disturbances above or below water all have
the potential to generate a tsunami.
6. Earthquake – induced landslides
 Landslides are frequently triggered by strong ground
motions. They are important secondary earthquake
hazards.
 The term landslide includes a wide range of ground
movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and
shallow debris flows. Strong earthquake- induced ground
shaking greatly increases the likelihood of landslides
where landscape is susceptible to these types of ground
failure.
 If the ground is saturated with water, particularly following
heavy rainfall, the shaking will result in more landslides
than normal.
What to do Before, During and After an Earthquake

Before an Earthquake

1. Engage yourself in training activities that promote safety


and disaster preparedness.
2. Participate in government-initiated earthquake drills and
evacuation drills.
3. Some private companies provide training on emergency
response skills. Participate. This is part of your
participation.
4. Share your acquired knowledge and skills to your family
and friends.
What to do Before, During and After an Earthquake

During an Earthquake

1. Stay indoors if you are within a structurally sound


building or home

2. If you feel the building were not safe, quickly open the
door for exit.
3. If you're caught inside a room or building, duck under a sturdy
desk or table, and hold on to it, or protect your head with your
hands or arms.

4. Stay away from glass windows, shelves, cabinets, and other


heavy objects.

5. Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes open.


6. Meanwhile, those who are outside should move to an open
area, and follow these safety measures (PHIVOLCS):
• Stay away from trees, power lines, posts, and concrete
structures.
• Move away from steep slopes which may be affected by
landslides.
• If near the shore and feeling an earthquake, especially a
strong one, quickly move to higher grounds in anticipation of
possible tsunamis.

7. Those who are in a moving vehicle should stop and get out.
Do not attempt to cross bridges, overpasses, or flyovers which
may have been damaged.
After an Earthquake

Immediately after an earthquake:


1. Take the fastest and safest way out of the building
2. Do not use elevators
3. Do not enter damaged buildings
4. Do not use telephones unless necessary
5. Most of all, do not panic
Assignment:

Collect at least five pictures of actual earthquake hazards that


occurred in the Philippines. Make a printed copies then paste in
your notebook, and describe your analysis on the effects of the
different earthquake hazards.

You might also like