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Sequence: Bsit F17

This document defines and provides examples of different types of sequences: - Arithmetic sequences have terms where each term is equal to the previous term plus a constant difference. The general term is defined. - Geometric sequences have terms where each term is equal to the previous term multiplied by a constant ratio. The general term is defined. - Sequences are also used in computer programming to store lists of data elements in arrays. Summations and series are used to represent the sum of sequence terms.

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33 views

Sequence: Bsit F17

This document defines and provides examples of different types of sequences: - Arithmetic sequences have terms where each term is equal to the previous term plus a constant difference. The general term is defined. - Geometric sequences have terms where each term is equal to the previous term multiplied by a constant ratio. The general term is defined. - Sequences are also used in computer programming to store lists of data elements in arrays. Summations and series are used to represent the sum of sequence terms.

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abc
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SEQUENCE

BSIT F17
SEQUENCE

• A sequence is just a list of elements usually written in a row.


• EXAMPLES:
• 1. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
• 2. 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,…
• 3. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …
• 4. 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, …
• 5. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …
• 6. 1, -1, 1, -1, 1, -1, …
FORMAL DEFINITION:
• A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of integers greater than
or equal to a particular integer n0
• OR

• A sequence is a function from a subset of the set of integers (usually either the set {0,
1, 2, . . .} or the set {1, 2, 3, . . .}) to a set S. We use the notation an to denote the
image of the integer n. We call an a term of the sequence.(Text Book)
• NOTATION:
• We use the notation an to denote the image of the integer n, and call it a
term of the sequence. Thus a1, a2, a3, a4 …, an, … represent the terms
of a sequence defined on the set of natural numbers N.
• Note that a sequence is described by listing the terms of the sequence in
order of increasing subscripts.
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE:
• A sequence in which every term after the first is obtained from the
preceding term by adding a constant number is called an arithmetic
sequence or arithmetic progression (A.P.) OR
• An arithmetic progression is a sequence of the form
a, a + d, a + 2d, . . . , a + nd, . . .
• where the initial term a and the common difference d are real
numbers.(text book)
• EXAMPLES:
• 1. 5, 9, 13, 17, … (common difference = 4)
• 2. 0, -5, -10, -15, … (common difference = -5)
• 3. x + a, x + 3a, x + 5a, … (common difference = 2a)
GENERAL TERM OF AN ARITHMETIC
SEQUENCE:
• an = nth term = a + (n - 1)d for all integers n ≥1.
• EXAMPLE:
• Find the 20th term of the arithmetic sequence
3, 9, 15, 21, …
• SOLUTION:
Here a = first term = 3 d = common difference = 9 - 3 = 6
n = term number = 20 a20 = value of 20th term = ?
Since an = a + (n - 1) d ; n ≥1
∴ a20 = 3 + (20 - 1) 6
= 3 + 114
= 117
• EXAMPLE:
• Which term of the arithmetic sequence
4, 1, -2, …, is -77
• SOLUTION:
• Here a = first term = 4
• d = common difference = 1 - 4 = -3
• an = value of nth term = - 77
• n = term number = ?
• Since
• an = a + (n - 1) d n ≥1
• ⇒ - 77 = 4 + (n - 1) (-3)
• ⇒ - 77 - 4 = (n - 1) (-3)
• OR
• 27 = n – 1
• n = 28
• Hence –77 is the 28th term of the given sequence.
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE:
• A sequence in which every term after the first is obtained from the preceding
term by multiplying it with a constant number is called a geometric sequence
or geometric progression (G.P.) or
A geometric progression is a sequence of the form
a, ar, ar², . . . , ar ⁿ, . . .
• where the initial term a and the common ratio r are real numbers.
• The constant number, being the ratio of any two consecutive terms is called
the common ratio of the G.P. commonly denoted by “r”.
• EXAMPLE:
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, … (common ratio = 2)
3, - 3/2, 3/4, - 3/8, … (common ratio = - 1/2)
0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, … (common ratio = 0.1 = 1/10)
EXAMPLE:

• Find the 8th term of the following geometric sequence


• 4, 12, 36, 108, …
• SOLUTION:
• Here a = first term = 4
• r = common ratio = = 3
• n = term number = 8
• a8 = value of 8th term = ?
• Since an = ar ⁿ ‾ ¹ n≥1
• ⇒ a8 = (4)(3)8-1
• = 4 (2187)
• = 8748
EXAMPLE:
• Which term of the geometric sequence is 1/8 if the first term is 4 and common ratio ½
• SOLUTION:
• Given a = first term = 4
• r = common ratio = 1/2
• an = value of the nth term = 1/8
• n = term number = ?
• Since an = ar ⁿ ‾ ¹ n≥1
• 1/8=4(1/2) ⁿ ‾ ¹
• 1/32=(1/2) ⁿ ‾ ¹
• (1/2) 5=(1/2) ⁿ ‾ ¹
• n-1=5
• N=6
• Hence 1/8 is the 6th term of the given G.P.
SEQUENCES IN COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING:
• An important data type in computer programming consists of finite
sequences known as one-dimensional arrays; a single variable in
which a sequence of variables may be stored.
• EXAMPLE:
• The names of k students in a class may be represented by an array of
k elements “name” as:
• name [0], name[1], name[2], …, name[k-1]
SERIES / Summations
•  The sum of the terms of a sequence forms a series. If a1, a2, a3, …
represent a sequence of numbers, then the corresponding series is
a1 + a2 + a3 + … =
• SUMMATION NOTATION:
• The capital Greek letter sigma Σ is used to write a sum in a short hand
notation. where k varies from 1 to n represents the sum given in
expanded form by = a1 + a2 + a3 + … +
• More generally if m and n are integers and m ≤ n, then the
summation from k equal m to n of is =++…………..+
• Let
  a0 = 2, a1 = 3, a2 = -2, a3 = 1 and a4 = 0.Compute each of the
summations:
•
= a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + a4
• = 2 + 3 + (-2) + 1 + 0 = 4
= a0 + a2 + a4
• = 2 + (-2) + 0 = 0
= a1
•=3
EXERCISE:
Compute the summations
•  Compute the summations
• = [2(1)-1]+[2(2)-1]+[2(3)-1]
=1 + 3 + 5
= 9

• What is the value of=?


• What is the value of=?
Double Summation

• Self test

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