Scribd
Upload
105 views

Why We Used Power Amplifier

This document provides an introduction to power amplifiers. It discusses that power amplifiers are needed to drive speakers or other loads that require higher power than a typical voltage amplifier can provide. It then covers different classes of power amplifiers including class A, B, AB, and C and discusses their operating principles, efficiencies, and applications. Harmonic distortion in power amplifiers is also addressed. Key aspects of power amplifier design such as multiple gain stages, driver stages, and push-pull configurations are summarized.

Uploaded by

RAjen Kumar Ranjan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
105 views

Why We Used Power Amplifier

This document provides an introduction to power amplifiers. It discusses that power amplifiers are needed to drive speakers or other loads that require higher power than a typical voltage amplifier can provide. It then covers different classes of power amplifiers including class A, B, AB, and C and discusses their operating principles, efficiencies, and applications. Harmonic distortion in power amplifiers is also addressed. Key aspects of power amplifier design such as multiple gain stages, driver stages, and push-pull configurations are summarized.

Uploaded by

RAjen Kumar Ranjan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

Power amplifier

Introduction to power amplfier

Presented By:
Rajen Kumar
B.Tech ECE
Roll no – B63
Contents
Need of power amplifier
Power amplifier Vs voltage amplifier
Why voltage amplifier can not work as power amplifier
Features of power amplifier
Performance quantities of power amplifier
Practical stages of power amplifier
Classification of power amplifier
Class A power amplifier
Class B power amplifier.
Class C power amplifier
Class AB power amplifier
Harmonic Distortion
Push pull amplifier
1.Why we used power amplifier
In almost all electronics systems, the last stage has to be power
amplifier. For exampel, in a public address system, it is the
power amplifier that drives the loudspeakrs. When a person
speaks into the microphone, The sound waves are converted by
it into electrical signal. This electrical signal is of very low
voltage (a few mV). This signal if fed directly, cannot drive the
loudspeakrs, to give sound (audio) output. The voltage level of
this signal is first raised to sufficiently high values by passing it
through a multistage voltage amplifier .This voltage is then
used to drive the power amplifier. The loudspeakrs finally
convert the electrical energy into sound energy. Thus, a large
audience can hear the speech (or music from the orchestra, tape
recorder, record player, or any other such gadget).
2.Difference between voltage amplifier and
power amplifier
Voltage amplifier Power amplifier
It is an amplifier which it is an amplifier which
amplify voltage. amplify power.
It is also called as small It is also called as large
signal amplifier signal amplifier.
Small size transistor Power transistors are
are used. used.
Distortion is not Distortion is present at
present at output. output.
Difference between voltage amplifier and
power amplifier
Voltage amplifier Power amplifier
The main parameter The main parameter
under consideration is under consideration is
gain. efficiency.
RC coupling is used. Transformer coupling
is used.
Output voltage in mv Output voltage in volt.
3.Why voltage amplifier can not work as power
amplifier
The transistor used in a voltage amplifier used not
have a large dissipation rating. It is not required to
handle large power. However, the transistor must
have large power dissipation rating, if it is to work in
a power amplifier circuit. As a practical rule, small
signal transistor has a power dissipation less than 0.5
W; a power transistor more than 0.5 W.
4.Features of power amplifier
Impedance matching is necessary.
Power amplifiers are bulky.
Power transistors are used in power amplifier.
Distortion is present at output.
Power dissipation is large.
5.Performance quantities of power
amplifier
Efficiency or collector efficiency – The ratio of AC
power output to the DC power input is called as
efficiency. It is denoted by n= Pac/Pdc
Distortion – The change in output wave shapes from
input wave shape is called as distortion or when the
output signal is not exact same as input signal. It is
called as distortion.
Power dissipation capability – The ability of a
power transistor to dissipate heat in the surrounding
is called as power dissipation capability of power
amplifier.
6.Application of power amplifier
it is used in radio receiver.
It is used in CD and caste player.
It is used in TV receiver.
7.Practical power amplifier stages
Power amplifiers are meant to amplify a weak signal until
sufficient power is available to operate an output device
such as a loudspeaker, a solenoid or a relay. Power
amplifier, to provide the desired power amplification, has
generally 3 stages (voltage amplification stage, driver stage
and output stage), as shown in the block diagram given
below.

Voltage Amplification Stage – The signal devel­oped by


the input transducer is very small and needs sufficient
amplification so as to operate the output device. Therefore,
for raising the level of the weak input signal, it is amplified
in two or more stages, for which R-C coupling is usually
employed.
Driver Stage – The stage that precedes the output stage is called the
driver stage. The output from the last voltage amplification stage is fed
to the driver stage and output from the driver stage is fed to the output
stage. The driver stage renders power amplifica­tion as usual. Here,
concentrated effort is made to provide maximum power gain and so
transformer-coupled class. A power amplifier is employed in this stage.
The driver trans­former is usually a step-down transformer and
facilitates impedance matching.

Output Stage – The output stage essentially consists of a power


amplifier and is meant for transferring maximum power to the output
device. In order to transfer maximum power at high efficiency, push-
pull arrangement is employed in the output stage (if a single transistor
is used as a class A amplifier in the output stage to provide faithful
amplification, the operation efficiency will be quite low). In this
arrangement two transistors are used in class B operation and are fed
from the centre-tapped secondary of the transformer whose primary
forms the collector load for the driver stage.
8.Classification of power amplifier
on the basis of operating point selection power amplifiers
are divided into four categories
Class A power amplifier
Class B power amplifier
Class C power amplifier
Class AB power amplifier
Efficiency Ratings
The maximum theoretical efficiency ratings of
class-A, B, and C amplifiers are:

Amplifier Maximum Theoretical


Efficiency, max
Class A 25%
Class B 78.5%
Class C 99%

Ref:080327HKN EE3110 Power Amplifier (Class A) 14


9. Class A power amplifier
A class A power amplifier is defined as a power amplifier in
which output current flows for the full-cycle (360°) of the
input signal. In other words, the transistor remains forward
biased throughout the input cycle.
Graphical representation of class A power
amplifier
10.Class B power amplifier
Operation of Class B power amplifier
In class B operation the transistor is so biased that zero-
signal collector current is zero. Hence class B operation
does not need any biasing system. The operating point is
set at cut-off. It remains forward biased for only half cycle
of the input signal.i.e its conduction angle is 180 degree.

As illustrated in figure, during the positive half cycle of the


input ac signal, the circuit is forward biased and, therefore,
collector current flows. On the other hand, during negative
half cycle of the input ac “signal, the circuit is reverse
biased and no collector current flows.
Power and Efficiency Calculations of class B operation.
Input dc power, Pin (dc) = VCC ICCwhere ldc

is the average or direct current taken from the collector supply.

If Ic max is the maximum or peak value of collector or output current, then

ldc = lc max / ∏

RMS value of collector current, Ic rms = Ic max/√2


RMS value of output voltage, Vrms = VCC/√2

Hence output power during half cycle, Pout (ac) = (Ic max VCC)/ 4

In above expression factor 1/2 is used because power is developed during one half
cycle only.

DC power loss in load, PRc(dc) = (I2 dc Rc = Ic max/∏) Rc . ..

DC power loss in collector region or transistor, = Pin dc - PRc(dc) – Pout (ac)


11.Class c power amplifier
A class C power amplifier is biased to operate for less than
180° of the input signal cycle, as shown in circuit.

The tuned circuit in the output, however, will provide a full


cycle of output signal for the fundamental or resonant
frequency of the tuned circuit (L and C tank circuit) of the
output.

The use of such amplifiers is, therefore, limited for a


fixed frequency, as occurs in communication circuits, for
example. < Operation of a class C circuit is not intended
primarily for large signal or power amplifiers.
12.Class AB power amplifier
In class AB power amplifiers, the biasing circuit is so
adjusted that the operating point Q lies near the cut-
off voltage. During a small portion of negative half
cycle and for complete positive half cycle of the
signal, the input circuit remains forward biased-and
hence collector current flows.

But during a small portion (less than half cycle) of the


negative cycle”‘ the input circuit is reverse biased
and, therefore, no collector current flows during this
period.

Class AB operation needs a push-pull connection to


achieve a full output cycle.
13. Harmonic Distortion
The quality of the sound given by the loudspeaker depends very much
upon the nature of the output signal. If the output is distorted , the
quality of the sound will be poor. Consideration of Harmonic or
nonlinear distortion is therefore important in power amplifiers.
Because they handle large signals, Distortion is always present. If the
output is not sinusoidal input. We say that Harmonic distortion is
introduced. This type of Distortion is present because the transistor
does not work as a linear amplifier when the signal is large. Because
of this non-linearity, the signal is distorted in its wave shape. If we
supply a signal
Vsinωt to the input of a power amplifier the waveform of the
output signal can be mathematically represented as
io = I0 + I1 Sin(ωt) + I2 Sin(2ωt) + I3 Sin(3ωt) + ...........
14. Push pill amplifier
Why is called push pull amplifier?

All the same time one transistor is pushing into


conduction and other transistor is pulling out of
conduction that’s why it is called as push pull
amplifier.
Advantages
Efficiency is high.
Impedance matching is obtained by using output
transformer.
Harmonics are automatically get cancelled out
Thank you

You might also like