Graphics

3D Object
Representation

고려대학교 컴퓨터 그래픽스 연구실

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Overview
CGVR

 3D Geometric Primitives
 Point
 Line
 Plane
 Polygon
 Sphere
 3D Object Representations
 Raw data
 Surfaces
 Solids
 High-Level Structure

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Geometric Primitives
CGVR

 Point
 Line Segment
 Polygon
 Polyhedron
 Curved Surface
 Solid Object
 Etc.

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Point
CGVR

 Specifies a Location
 Represented by three coordinates
 Infinitely small
typedef struct{
Coordinate x;
Coordinate y; (x, y, z)
Coordinate z;
} Point;

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Vector
CGVR

 Specifies a Direction and a Magnitude

 Represented by three coordinates
 Magnitude ||v||=sqrt(dxdx + dydy +dzdz)
 Has no location
typedef struct{
(dx1, dy1, dz1)
Coordinate x;
Coordinate y;
Coordinate z; (dx2, dy2, dz2)
} Vector;
 Dot product of two 3D vector
 V1 V2 = dx1dx2 + dy1dy2 + dz1dz2
 V1 V2 = ||V1||||V2|| cos(  ) 

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Line
CGVR

 Line Segment with Both Endpoints at Infinity

 Parametric representation
 P=P +tV, (    t  )
1

typedef struct{
Point P1; V
Vector V; P1
} Line;

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Ray
CGVR

 Line Segment with One Endpoints at Infinity

 Parametric representation
 P=P +tV, ( 0  t   )
1

typedef struct{
Point P1; V
Vector V; P1
} Ray;

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Line Segment
CGVR

 Specifies a Linear Combination of Two Points

 Parametric representation
 P=P + t(P - P ), ( 0  t  1 )
1 2 1

P2
typedef struct{
Point P1; P1
Point P2;
} Segment;

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Plane
CGVR

 Specifies a Linear Combination of Three Points

 Implicit representation
 PN + d = 0, or
N=(a, b, c)
 ax + by + cz + d = 0
P1
P3
typedef struct{
Vector N; P2
Distance d;
} Plane;
d

Origin

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Polygon
CGVR

 Area “Inside” a Sequence of Coplanar Points

 Triangle
 Quadrilateral
 Convex
 Star-shaped
 Concave
 Self-Intersecting
 Hole
typedef struct{
Point *Points;
int npoints;
} Polygon; Points are in counter-clockwise order
cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University
3D Sphere
CGVR

 All Points at Distance “r” from Point (cx, cy, cz)

 Implicit representation
 (x-cx)2 + (y-cy)2 + (z-cz) 2 = r 2

 Parametric representation
(cx, cy, cz)
x= r sin( ) cos( )

 r
y= r sin( ) sin( )


 z= r cos(  )

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Object Representations
CGVR

 Raw Data
 Point cloud
 Range image
 Polygon soup
 Surfaces
 Mesh, Subdivision, Parametric, Implicit
 Solids
 Voxel, BSP tree, CSG, Sweep

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Point Cloud
CGVR

 Unstructured Set of 3D Point Samples

 Acquired from range finder, computer vision, etc

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Range Image
CGVR

 Set of 3D Points Mapping to Pixels of Depth

Image
 Acquired from range scanner

Range Image Tessellation Range Surface

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University
Polygon Soup
CGVR

 Unstructured Set of Polygons

 Created with interactive modeling systems

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Object Representations
CGVR

 Raw Data
 Point cloud, Range image, Polygon soup
 Surfaces
 Mesh
 Subdivision
 Parametric
 Implicit
 Solids
 Voxel, BSP tree, CSG, Sweep

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Mesh
CGVR

 Connected Set of Polygons (Usually Triangles)

 May not be closed

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Subdivision Surfaces
CGVR

 Coarse Mesh & Subdivision Rule

 Define smooth surface as limit of sequence of
refinements

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Parametric Surfaces
CGVR

 Tensor Product Spline Patches

 Careful constraints to maintain continuity

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Implicit Surface
CGVR

 Points satisfying: F(x,y,z) = 0

Polygonal Model Implicit Model

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

3D Object Representations
CGVR

 Raw Data
 Point cloud, Range image, Polygon soup
 Surfaces
 Mesh, Subdivision, Parametric, Implicit
 Solids
 Voxel
 BSP tree
 CSG
 Sweep

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Voxels
CGVR

 Uniform Grid of Volumetric Samples

 Acquired from CAT, MRI, etc.

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

BSP Tree
CGVR

 Binary Space Partition with Solid Cells Labeled

 Constructed from polygonal representations

1 a
b 1
a g a 6 g
c 2
f f 3 d 3
e 5 e 7
4 e
d c 4 d c
b b 5 f
2
6 7

Object Binary Spatial Partition BSP Tree

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University
CSG
CGVR

 Hierarchy of Boolean Set Operations (Union,

Difference, Intersect) Applied to Simple Shapes

cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University

Sweep
CGVR

 Solid Swept by Curve Along Trajectory

Constructing a Torus
using Rotational Sweep
cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University
Summary
CGVR

 Taxonomy of 3D Object Representations

Discrete Continuous

Voxel
Voxel
Combinational Functional

Topological Set Membership Parametric Implicit

Mesh
Mesh BSP
BSPTree
Tree Bezier
Bezier Algebraic
Algebraic
Subdivision
Subdivision B-Spline
B-Spline
cgvr.korea.ac.kr Graphics Lab @ Korea University