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COUNSELING: Nature & Scope

The document discusses the nature and scope of counseling. It provides definitions of counseling from several sources that describe it as an interactive process where a counselor assists a counselee. Counseling aims to facilitate changes in a client's behavior through a professional relationship. It also distinguishes counseling from guidance and outlines characteristics, types (directive, non-directive, eclectic), advantages and limitations of different counseling approaches.

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Shaheena Hossain
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4K views

COUNSELING: Nature & Scope

The document discusses the nature and scope of counseling. It provides definitions of counseling from several sources that describe it as an interactive process where a counselor assists a counselee. Counseling aims to facilitate changes in a client's behavior through a professional relationship. It also distinguishes counseling from guidance and outlines characteristics, types (directive, non-directive, eclectic), advantages and limitations of different counseling approaches.

Uploaded by

Shaheena Hossain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COUNSELING: Nature & Scope

According to Perez (1965):

Counseling is an interactive
process conjoining the counselee
who needs assistance and the
counselor who is trained and
educated to give this assistance.
According to Pepinsky and Pepinsky (1954)
Counseling is that interaction which
– Occurs between two individuals called
counselor and clients.
– Takes place in professional setting and
– Is initiated and maintained to facilitate
changes in the behaviour of a client.
According to Patterson:
Counseling is the process involving
interpersonal relationships between
a therapist and one or more clients
by which the former employs
psychological methods based on
systematic knowledge of the human
personality in attempting to improve
the mental health of the later.
• Counseling is essentially a process in which the
counselor assists the counselee to make
interpretations of facts relating to a choice, plan
or adjustment which he needs to make.
- Glenn F. Smith
• Counseling is a series of direct contacts with the
individual which aims to offer him assistance in
changing his attitude & behaviors.
- Carl Rogers
Guidance vs. Counseling

Guidance Counseling
Guidance is broader & comprehensive Counseling is in-depth & narrow

Guidance is mainly preventive & Counseling is remedial and curative


developmental
Guidance is more external, helps a Counseling helps people understand
person understand alternative themselves & is an inward analysis.
solutions available to him & makes Alternative solutions are proposed to
him understand his personality & help understand the problem at
choose the right solution. hand
Guidance refers to an advice or a Counseling refers to a professional
relevant piece of information advice given by a counselor to an
provided by a superior, to resolve a individual to help him in overcoming
problem or overcome from difficulty. personal or psychological problems.
It assists the person in choosing the It tends to change the perspective, to
best alternative. help him get the solution by himself
or herself.
Guidance vs. Counseling

Guidance Counseling
Open and less private. Confidential

One to one or one to many One to one

Deals with education and career Deals with personal and socio-
related issues. psychological issues.

Provided by any person superior or Provided by a person who possesses


expert high level of skill and professional
training.
Characteristics of Counseling.
• Involves two individual-one seeking help & the
other a professionally trained person who can
help the first.
• There should be a relationship of mutual
respect between the two individuals.
• Counseling is aimed at bringing about desired
changes in the individual for self-realization &
providing assistance to solve problems
through an intimate relationship.
Cont…..
• The counselor discovers the problems of the
counselee & help him to set up realistic goals
guide him through difficulties and problems.
• Counseling is democratic.
• There is a structuring of limit
Nature of counseling relationship
• The counseling relationship is warm and
accepting
• Communication is heightened in the
counseling relationship
– Acceptance attitude
– Responding to the core of what the client says
– Division of responsibility
– Degree of lead
• The counseling relationship involves value
orientation
• The counseling relationship involves the best
use of available information
• The counseling relationship involves
individualized learning
Types of Counseling.
Counseling.

Directive Non Directive Eclectic


counseling Counseling. Counseling:
Directive counseling

 E.G WILLIAMSON
 Prescriptive or counselor –centred
 Client cannot solve his own problems for lack
of information.
 Counsellor direct the thinking of counselee by
informing , explaining, interpreting and
advising.
Williamson has given six steps of directive
counselling :
I. Information gathering
II. Synthesis
III. Diagnosis
IV. Prognosis
V. Counselling
VI. Follow up
Advantage
• This approach save time.
• It emphasizes the problem & not the individual. The
counselor can see the patient more objectively than
the patient himself.
• It lays more emphasis on the intellectual rather than
the emotional aspects of an individual’s personality.
• The methods used in directive counseling are direct,
persuasive & explanatory
Limitations
• The patient does not gain any liability for self analysis or
solve new problems of adjustment by counseling.

• It makes the counselee over dependent on the counselor.

• Problems regarding emotional maladjustment may be


better solved by nondirective counseling.

• Sometimes the counselee lacks information regarding the


counselee, leads wrong counseling.

• It does not guarantee that the counselee will able to


solve the same problem on his own in future.
Non Directive Counseling

 CARL ROGER
 Permissive Counseling or client centered Counseling.
 The counselee makes the final decisions as individuals are
thoughts to have full right to make final decisions for the
self & solve their problems.
 The counselor has to accept the counselee’s capacity to
make adjustment & adaptation
 The principles of acceptance & tolerance are extremely
important in this approach.
The basic assumptions related to nondirective counseling approach
are:

• Patient is given importance than the counseling directions &


investigations.
• Emotional aspects are more significant than intellectual aspects.
• Creation of an atmosphere where patients can work out their
understanding is more important than cultivating self
understanding in the patient.
• Counseling leads to a voluntary choice of goals & a conscious
selection of courses of action.
Carl Roger has given 5 steps of Non-directive
counseling
Advantages
• It is a slow but sure process to make an
individual capable of making adjustments.
• No tests are used so one avoids all that is
laborious & difficult .
• It removes emotional block & helps an
individual bring repressed thoughts on a
conscious level thereby reducing tension
Limitations
• It is a slow & time-consuming process.
• One cannot rely upon one’s resources, judgment & wisdom
as the patient is immature in making the decision himself.
• It depends too much on the ability & initiative of the patient.
• Sometime difficulty to control pace of the interview
discussion.
• This approach is individual centric, it may not possible for
counselor to attend every patient equally well.
• It require high degree of motivation in the patient.
Eclectic
• F. C. Thorne
• This approach is based on the fact that all individuals are
different from one another.
• The techniques are elective in nature because they have been
derived from all sources of counseling.
• This approach is based on selecting the best & leaving out
what is least required.
• The basic assumption related to eclectic counseling approach:
– There is objectivity & co-ordination between counselor &
the patient during the counseling experience.
– The patient is active & the counselor remains passive in the
beginning .
• The principle of low expenditure is adopted.
• The counselor makes use of all the tools & methods
in his armour.
• The counselor enjoys the freedom to resort to
directive & nondirective counseling methods.
• The counseling relationship is built during the
counseling interview. This helps the patient gain
reassurance & confidence.
Advantages
 It is more cost effective & practical approach.
 It is a more flexible approach of counseling.
 It is more objective & coordinated approach
of counseling.
Limitations
• The role of counselor & the counselee are not
predetermined.
• It requires more skilled counselors to handle
the dynamic feature of this counseling
approach

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