SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 4:00 PM

LOGARITHM
CET 1 - MARLA B. RUCIO
 SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 3:00 PM

LOGARITHM
• Showing how big a number is in terms of how many times
you have to multiply a certain number. (Base)
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EXAMPLE #1
log 16 = 4 ; 2⁴ = 16
²
trivia:
e = 2.178 based before

Logarithm w/ base e(log or In) natural log. or Naplerean log.

ˣ
log. improved
log based in the present common log or briggsian log.
¹
e ⁰ euler's number
defined as
1
e = lim
n
( 1+ n )
∞
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LOGARITHMIC FORM EXPONENTIAL FORM

log A = B exponent
ᵇ exponent
b ᴮ =A
base
base

EX.

log 125 = 3 ; 5 ³ = 125

⁵
log 64
2 = 1
; 64 ¹/⁶= 2
6
 SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 3:00 PM

" SPECIAL CASES "

SOLVE FOR X IN LOGARITHMIC EQUATION.
ˣ
log 3 = X ; 3 = 3
³
X=1
RULE IN LOGARITHM
log. of non zero and non-negative number wherein the base is the number itself is ALWAYS Equal to
1 (one) ; log b = 1
ᵇ
EX.
log 5 = 1
⁵
log 10 = 1
10
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EXAMPLE #2
SOLVE FOR X IN LOGARITHMIC EQUATION.
log 1 = x
⁸
ˣ
log 1 = x ; 8 =1
⁸ x=0

" ZERO PROPERTY EXPONENT"

log of 1 with any values of b (b is the positive) but b ≠ 1 #is ALWAYS equal to zero.

conclusion: log 1 = 0
ᵇ
Ex.
log 1 = 0
²
log 1 = 0
53
 SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 3:00 PM

EXAMPLE #3
SOLVE FOR k IN LOGARITHMIC EQUATION.
log (-1) = k
Answer: ⁴
NO SOLUTION / UNDEFINED
conclusion : log (negative number) is undefined / No solution.
ᵇ
EXAMPLE #4
SOLVE FOR w IN LOGARITHMIC EQUATION.
log (0) = w
²
Answer:
NO SOLUTION / UNDEFINED
conclusion : log (Zero) is undefined / No solution.
ᵇ
 SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 3:00 PM

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
11.log 1=0 4 Product Rule
ᵇ
log (MN) = log (M)+ log (N)
logb ᵇ = 1 ᵇ ᵇ ᵇ

2 Inverse Property 5 Quotient Rule

M
log (b ˣ)= x log ( ) = log M+ log N
ᵇ ᵇ N ᵇ ᵇ
ˡᵒᵍ ˣ
b ᵇ = x , x 70
›
3 One to one Property
log M = log N
ᵇ ᵇ
note: If only M = N
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6 POWER RULE
log x ⁿ = n log ; log (x . x) = log ˣ²
ᵇ ᵇ ᵇ
log ˣ + log = log ˣ ²
ᵇ ᵇ ᵇ
2 log ˣ = log ˣ ²
ᵇ ᵇ
Ex
. log x ⁵
²
log x⁵ = 5 log x
² ²
7 log x = log ˣ
ᵇ
log
ᵇ
 SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 3:00 PM

EXERCISES
EXPAND
 SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 3:00 PM

• log 8k
ᵇ
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2. log 17x
ᵍ
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15x(x-1)
3. log ² ( (3x+4)(2-x) )
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4. ln x²
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5. log xz³
⁶
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6. Solve the Equation

In x + In(x+3) = In 20-5x
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ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION/SEQUENCE

• Difference in one term and the next term is constant.

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EXAMPLE:
1,2,3,4,5,6
1, 3, 6 , 9 , 12
By formula (getting the n term)ᵗʰ
a + d (n-1) = X ⁿ
Where:
a = 1 ˢᵗterm
d = difference in terms
n = number of term to be find
Ex.
3, 8 , 13 , 18 , 23 , 28, 33, 38
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SUMMING UP AN ARITHMETIC SERIES

n-1

∑
k=0
(a + kd) =
n
(2a+(n-1)d)
2

Where:
a = 1 ˢᵗterm
d = common difference
n = how many terms to add up

4
"says" Sum up n where n goes from 1 to 4

∑
what to sum up
go to this n
value "Sol'n: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
n=1 "Answer: 10
start at this value
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EXAMPLE:
Add up the 1ˢᵗ 10ᵗʰ term of the A.P/AS.

1 , 4 , 7, 10 , 13
n-1
n
∑
k=0
(a + kd) = (n-1)d)
2
 SET A , B AND C - IRREG AUGUST 13, 2021 // 3:00 PM

GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES

• Each term is found by multiplying the previous term by a

constant.
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EXAMPLE:
1 , 2 , 4, 8 , 16 , 32 , 64 , 128 , 256
Multiply Factored by 2
General Form

(a , ar , ar , ar
² , ar³ , . . ⁴. . )

Where:
a = first term
r = common ratio
r = should not be zero (0)
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Rule:
Calculate any term by this formula :
X = ar ⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾
ⁿ
10 , 30 , 90, 270 , 810 , 2430

If having smaller values:

Ex. 4 , 2 , 1 , 0.5 , 0.25 , ....)

0.5 (half)(¹/²) multiplied

X = 4 x (0.5)⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾
ⁿ
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SUMMING GEOMETRIC SERIES

a + ar + ar ² . . . + ar ⁽ⁿ⁻¹⁾
n-1

∑
k=0
(arᵏ) = a (
1 - rⁿ
1-r )
Where: EX.
Sum the 1ˢᵗ 4ᵗʰ terms
a = first term
10 , 30 , 90 , 270, 810, 2430
r = common ratio
arᵏ = each term
k = starts at zero (0) to n-1
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INFINITE GEOMETRIC SERIES

∞
∑
1
(arᵏ) = a ( )
1-r
k=0

Note:

r= must be between (but not including -1 and 1)

= should not be zero

(we have infinite sum if / when the ratio is lessen than 1 and greater
than -1)
Th e
E n d