Group 14

By:
Shafiq Rasila Mag Nova n Has
 CATENATION
Catenation mean the ability of an element to form bond
between atom of the same element in chain form
THE DESCENDING PROPERTY OF
CATENATION IN THE GROUP

Carbon undergoes catenation to form ring and chain

with single ,double or triple covalent bonds .This
happen because the bond energy c-c is high .

The sigma overlap between adjacent atom is

sufficiently strong that perfectly chain can be formed
SILICON
Silicon does not form many catenated compounds because the
Si-Si bond is weaker compare to the C-C bond .

Silicon can form bonds to other silicon atom . But with a

suitable pair of organic substiuents in place of hydrogen on
each silicon its possible to prepare polysilylenes that are
analogue of alkenes these long chain compound have suprising
electronic propeties high electrical counducitivity

Example – arising from sigma delocalization of the electron in

the chain
GERMANIUM,TIN,LEAD

Germaniun , tin ,and lead does not form catenated

compound .

Because the ability of certain main group element to

catenate is currently into inorganic polymers
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF
COVALENT CRYSTAL FOR GRAPHITE AND DIAMOND
Properties Diamond Graphite
Bonding Carbon atom are bonded Carbon atom are bonded
by strong covalent bond by strong covalent bond
in giant arrangement . in a hexagonal structure.

Layers of these hexagon

structure are held by
weak van der Waals forces

Type of hybridisation sp3 sp2

Conductivity Does not conduct Conducts electricity due
electricity due to the to the presence free-
absence of free-moving moving valence electron
valence electron .
Hardness Hard because of three- Soft because the layers
dimensional network of can easily slide over one
strong covalent bond . another due to the weak
van der Waals force .
Properties Diamond Graphite

Uses Glass cutter Pencil leads , ribbons for typerwriters

Enthalpy -395.4 Kj -393.4 kj mol-1

mol-1
 Energetically , graphite is more stable compare to
diamond but kinetically is more stable than graphite .

This mean the diamond is more likely to change to

graphite but the rate of change is extremely slow.
 THE USES OF CARBON

1) Carbon are used as a component in composite material

2) Composite material are formed when two or more material are mixed
or combined together to give improved quality over the original
compound.

3) Carbon composite are formed from high temperatureheating of

amorphouscarbon to form graphote fibres,which is then interwined
wth plastic to form strong structure

4) Examples of composite compounds are concrete,high fibre

plastics,superconductors and photochromatic glass
Examples of carbon composite compound and
their uses

Compite compound Uses

Carbon laminates Aircraft,boat hulls
(graphite and epoxy)
Kevlar Canvas for tents,body armour
(Carbon fibre and epoxy)
Carbon and fibreglass Sports equipment.For example
rackets and fishing
rods,tubes,building industry
Tungsten carbide Cutting tools,abrasive
(tungsten and carbon alloy)
Carbon concrete Construction of building and roads
(carbon fibre and concrete)
SILICONE
1) Silicone is the most widely used organosilicone polymer.It is widely
used as oil,elastomer and resins.

2) Silicone is produced from the complete hydrolysis of chlorosilane

which is substituted twice by alkyl or aryl

3) The Si-O bond is very strong,allowing silicone to have the following

charactheristics:
a) Resistant to oxidation,heat and chemical reaction
b) Waterproof and non-stick
c)good electrical insulator
d)prevents the formation of foam
4) The uses of silicone compounds:

a) silicone rubber- Good electrical insulator and can retain its

elasticity even at a temperature of 250 c

b) Resin- Stiff\hard polymers such as bakelite used as

insulators,moulds for car tyres and bread,non-stick layer in pots and
pans and to encapsulate circuit chips.

c) Silicone oils- Hydraulic fluids and as insulator in high voltage

transformers
Silicon and silicates
Silicon exist naturally in the earth crust as silicates
aluminosilicates and silica

The basic unit of silicates is a tetrahedron unit (SiO4) 4-

which could exist in discrete units or polymerizes to
bigger unit by sharing oxygen atom (refer to page 45
ACE ahead Chemistry volume2)

The closely packed oxygen atoms have a tetrahedron

“hole” where metal ion such as Al3+ can be placed

Silicates classification is based on where the silicates

units are bonded together.
ORTHOSILICATES (NEROSILICATES)

-The simplest silicates containing discretes SiO44-

anions.
Examples of orthosilicates are:
- Zircon, ZrSiO4, which can be cut and made to, look
like diamond
- Calcium silicate, CaSiO4, which is importabt
component in cement.
Pyrosilicates (Si2O7) 6-

 Two units of silicates joined by sharing oxygen

 Pyrosilicates are rare and examples are Scandium

mineral, Sc[Si2O7] and zinc mineral Zn4[Si2O7]
(OH)2.H2O.
Cyclic silicates
 Two oxygen atoms in each silicate tetrahedron unit is
shared and when three silicates units are joined this
way, a ring structure is formed.

Examples are wollastonit (Ca3Si3O9). Benitoit

[BaTiSi3O9]
Chain silicates

 A single chain silicates is formed when two oxygen

atom at two corners of the silicate tetrahedron units is
shared with other tetrahedron units. The general
formula being (SiO3)n2n-
 A single chain silicate is known as pyroxene
 Examples are Sodium silicate, Na2SiO3, also known as
sodium metasilicate or water glass that easily dissolve
in water
 When two single chain silicates are joined together by
sharing of oxygen atoms, amphiboles are formed.
 The basic structural unit for an amphibole is Si4O116-
 the most commonly found amphibole is asbestos
 Asbestos has fibrous properties because it cleaves
along the silicate chain forming fibre.
Asbestos dust can cause lung cancer.
Sheet silicates
when the silicate unit SiO44- shares three corners or
three oxygen atoms, the resulting structure is an
infinite two-dimensional sheet with an empirical
formula of (Si2O5)n2n-
the bond inside the sheet are strong covalent bond
(intermolecular)
 between the sheet are van der Waal forces.
causes it to slides form slippery feel
 example refer page 47 (table 3.6)
Three dimensional silicates or framework
structure
 When all four units to the silicates anion,SiO44- are
shared by for other units to form a three dimensional
lattice.(quartz and cristobalite)

 Quartz is almost like diamond in structure with a

basic formula of (SiO2)n
kaolin
Formed when some
SiO 2 units are
removed from mica so
that one layer of SiO 4
tetrahedral share
corner with one layer
of AlO6 to form
component with
formula Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4

Used in making
porcelain
vases,cus,china
plates,white cheramic
tiles and also to treat
indigestion
MONTMORILLONITE
 Has a molecular formula
of
(Mg0.4Al1.6)(OH)2(SI2O5) 2
0.33-

 Consist of identical
sheets

 Form a semi-solid gel in

the presence of water

 Used in cation-exchange
chromatography
GLASS
SODA GLASS
a) Made from mixture of SiO2,Na2Co3,and CaCo3
b) Main charactheristics- transparent,low melting point,no resitant to heat
and chemical reaction.
c) Uses- Glass container,window panes,mirrors,bottles,light bulbs

BOROSILICATE GLASS
a) made from the mixture of SiO2,B2O3,Na2O,Al2O3
b) Main charactheristics- Heat resistant,low thermal expansion,transparent
to coloured light ani infrared rays,not transparent to
uv light resistant to corrosive chemicals
c) Uses- test tube,cooking ware
QUARTZ GLASS
a) Made from SiO2
b) Charactheristics- Low thermal expansion and high transparency
c) Uses- Optical studies

LEAD GLASS (CRYSTAL GLASS)

a) Made from the mixture of SiO2,PbO2, Na2O
b) Charactheristics- have high refractive index,high density
c) Uses- Lens and prism in lab,decorative glassware
EFFECTS OF
ADDING
METALLIC
OXIDES TO
GLASS
They add the oxide of that
metal to the glass while it
molten.
Metal oxides alter the
chemical bonding in the
glass.
In turn, it’s lower the
melting temperature.
 Metal oxides Glass colour

Fe³⁺ Brownish-yellow
colour
Fe²⁺ Green colour

Co²⁺ Dark blue colour

Cu⁺ Red colour

EFFECTS OF
ADDING NON-
METALLIC
OXIDES TO GLASS
Defines purity of steel
Examples:
1) Iron sulphide, FeS
2) Manganese sulphide,
MnS
THE USE OF TIN
ALLOYS IN THE
PRODUCTION OF
SOLDER AND
PEWTER
SOLDER
Tin-lead alloy
→Used for soldering
→In pumbling
→In electronics ( printed circuit
boards use solder joints to
mount components and create a
circuit)
PEWTER
Tin-copper-antimony
→Used to make souvenirs
→Decorative objects such as
coins, pendants, air craft and so
on.