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Analytic Geometry: Hyperbola Translation of Axes Line Tangent To A Conic

This document discusses analytic geometry concepts related to hyperbolas including: - The definition and key elements of hyperbolas such as asymptotes, foci, and equations in standard and general form - Translating axes to simplify hyperbola equations - Finding the equation of lines tangent to conic sections The learning outcomes are to understand hyperbola equations, graphing, and solving techniques as well as translating axes and finding tangent lines. Examples are provided to demonstrate these concepts.

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PJ Nangkil
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83 views

Analytic Geometry: Hyperbola Translation of Axes Line Tangent To A Conic

This document discusses analytic geometry concepts related to hyperbolas including: - The definition and key elements of hyperbolas such as asymptotes, foci, and equations in standard and general form - Translating axes to simplify hyperbola equations - Finding the equation of lines tangent to conic sections The learning outcomes are to understand hyperbola equations, graphing, and solving techniques as well as translating axes and finding tangent lines. Examples are provided to demonstrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

PJ Nangkil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALYTIC

GEOMETRY
HYPERBOLA
TRANSLATION OF AXES
LINE TANGENT TO A CONIC
OUTLINE
The Hyperbola (vs. Ellipse)
Asymptotes
General Equation of a Hyperbola
Translation of Axes
Line tangent to a conic
LEARNING OUTCOMES
 To derive the different formulas for hyperbola properly.
 To determine the standard equation and general
equation of the hyperbola with centers at (0,0) and
(h,k).
 To graph and solve solution sets in hyperbola.
 To find new coordinates of a point by translation.
 To solve equation of lines tangent to a conic.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
Ellipse Hyperbola
Center at (0,0) and (h, k) Center at (0,0) and (h, k)
Major axis Transverse axis
Minor axis Conjugate axis
Vertices at and Vertices at and
Foci at and Foci at and

No asymptotes With asymptotes


SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
Ellipse Hyperbola
2a= distance between vertices 2a= distance between vertices

2b= length of the minor axis 2b= length of the conjugate axis

2c= focal distance 2c= focal distance

= length of the latus rectum = length of the latus rectum

= distance between directrices = distance between directrices


 The locus of a point which moves so
that the difference of its distances
from two fixed points is constant is
called a HYPERBOLA.
 The fixed point are called the FOCI
of the hyperbola, and the line
joining them the PRINCIPAL AXIS.
The constant difference is the
length of the transverse axis, 2a.
 It may also be define as the locus
of the points that moves such that
the ratio of the distance from a
fixed point, and the fixed line,
called the directrix, is constant and
greater than one.
EQUATION
Standard
OF HYPERBOLA
center Transverse General Equation Equation of
Equation Axis Asymptotes

+ =1 Origin x- axis y=+ x

+ =1 Origin y- axis y=+ x

+ =1 (h, k) x-axis y=+ (x-h)

+ =1 (h, k) y- axis y=+ (x-h)


ELEMENTS OF HYPERBOLA
 

Eccentricity,

Distance from center to directrix,

Length of latus rectum,


ASYMPTOTES
 Are lines passing through the center of the
hyperbola and are asymptotic to the curves.
 The asymptotes is not part of hyperbola,
they simply serve as guides in sketching the
hyperbola itself.
 It is a straight line which the curve
approaches indefinitely near but never
touches.
  Theasymptotes of hyperbola has the following
equations:
+
Where:
(h , k) – the center of hyperbola
m - slope
*used (+) for upward asymptote and (-) for downward
asymptote
GENERAL EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA
 
The standard form of the equation of
hyperbola whose center is at point (h,k) is
- = 1, for horizontal transverse axis,

- = 1, for vertical transverse axis,

Where a and b are the lengths of the semi-transverse


and semi-conjugate axes, respectively.
If we expand the parentheses in either of
the above equations and collect terms, we
obtain an equation of the form
 
(1)

Where A and C have unlike sign. This is


called the general form of equation of a
hyperbola.
EXAMPLE 1
   Obtain the equation of asymptote of

We replace 1 with 0.
or
Solving for the equation,
 
+
EXAMPLE 2
 
Locate the foci and sketch the hyperbola
whose equation is .

Step 1: Write the equation in standard form


(1)

Step 2: Determine the lengths of the semi-


axis. We see that the transverse axis lies on y-
axis, and a=3 and b=4.
 
Step 3:
Hence = 5,
and the foci are (0,+ 5).

Letting y=+ 5 ,we obtain from (1)


the values x= + .
EXAMPLE 3
 
Find the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes of the
hyperbola whose equation is
, and sketch the graph.
Step 1: Transpose the constant and write the equation in
this form,
Step 2: Complete the squares within parentheses, we have

- =1
 
Step 3: Determine elements of the hyperbola.

Since the term in (x-2) is positive (denominator),


the transverse axis is horizontal, and a=2 and b=3.

The center is (2,1); hence the vertices are (2+ 2,1)


or (0,1) and (4,1).

Computing , we have =.

Hence the foci are (2+,1)


 
The equations of the asymptotes are obtained
by changing the 1 to 0 in the right side of the
general equation of hyperbola

- = 0, rearranging

() ()=0,
 
() ()=0,

() ()=0,

Deriving the equations of the


asymptotes to be

3x+2y-8=0 and 3x-2y-4=0

The graph is shown in the figure.


SEATWORK #1

 
Find the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes for each of
the hyperbolas and sketch the graph.

a.

b.

c.
Translation of Axes
 The purpose of translation is to simplify a given
equation by choosing suitable new axes.
 It can be shown that by translating the axes,
we can transform a second-degree equation
 
 
Example 1: Simplify the equation by translating the
axes.
 
The given equation is of the form

Hence its corresponding transformed


equation must take the form

where there is no linear term in.


 
Solution:

Step 1. Write the given equation in this form


= 6 (x+3)

Step 2. Substitute the for (x+3) and for (y-4). Thus,

which is the transformed equation.


  Note that the substitution = x+3 and = x-4 is a translation
with equation and 4. Hence the original axes have been
translated to the new origin at (-3,4).
 
Example 2: Simplify the equation by translation.

 
SOLUTION:
The given equation is of form

Hence its transformed equation will take the form

that is, there will be no linear terms in


 
Step 1. Complete the squares in x and y and
then write in the form

+ = 225
Step 2. Substitute = and = y in the equation
above. Thus,

which is the desired equation. The graph is


shown in fig. 5.5.
Line Tangent to a conic
 Unlike other curves, the
tangent to any conic will pass
only through one point.

 To find the equation of the


tangent to a conic, we may
use differential calculus or
make use of substitution for
the variables in the equation.
 
 replace with  replace with

x replace with y replace with

 
Where:
(, ) – point of tangency

(x,y) - point on the line


 
Case 1: Find the equation of the tangent through a
given point (, ) on the conic
 
• To find the equation of the tangent, we simply
replace the variables in the conic with the
above expressions and substitute for (, ) the
given points.

• We can also used differential calculus to solve


for the slope m= of the curve at the given
point (, ) then used the point-slope form of the
line y-= m(x-).
 
Case 2: Find the equation of the tangent that passes
through a given point (, ) outside the conic

 
• To find the equation of the tangent, we apply
the necessary replacements of variables
leaving and unknown.
• Another equation relating and can be found by
substituting (, ) to the equation of the conic.
By expressing in terms of either equation and
substituting the other equation, a quadratic
equation is derived in the form with (, )
known, the tangent can now be solved.
Case 3: Find the equation of the tangent, given the
slope m of the tangent.
 
• To find the equation of the tangent, we used
the slope-intercept form

for the tangent line with and unknown.


Since the line and the conic crosses, we can
substitute this value of to the value of in the
conic resulting to a quadratic equation in the form
Case 3: Find the equation of the tangent, given the
slope m of the tangent.
 

with A, B and C as function of and .

Since the tangent passes through one point only,


we set

and solve for . With known and given,


the tangent can now be solved.
Case 3: Find the equation of the tangent, given the
slope m of the tangent.
 
• Or the value of (, ) can be found by
differential calculus knowing that
=slope=m.
After solving m, the equation of the
line can be found using the point-slope
form given below.
y-= m(x-)
 
Example: Find the tangent to perpendicular to
Solution:

If the slope of the line y= mx+b is given, it may be


made tangent to a conic by
determining b so that this line will intersect the
conic at only one point.

The slope of the line 4x-2y-1=0 can be solve by


rearranging the equation to y=mx+b form.
 
Example: Find the tangent to perpendicular to

Since the slope of the line is 2, the required tangent


must have a slope of - and its equation will be of the
form
 
Substituting in the equation of the ellipse, we
have
or
1
Setting the discriminant, equal to zero.
Where A=13, B=-4B and C= ).

Hence,
 
From,

The values of b are and zero, substituting to the


line equation, with slope

Hence, there are two tangents.


+0 or
or 3
SEATWORK #2

 
Find the equation of the line tangent to the following
conics at the given point.

a.

b.

c.

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