CS 634 IIT BOMBAY

Information Systems

Dr Deepak B Phatak
Subrao Nilekani Chair Professor
Kanwal Rekhi Building, Department of CSE
IIT Bombay

Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS

 SESSION OVERVIEW
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• Principles of Software Engineering

• Software Engineering Activities
• Process Maturity Measures
• Review of ER Model
• Functional Model
• Data Flow Model
• User Interface Issues
• Software Requirement Specifications (SRS)

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 2

 ROLE OF SOFTWARE
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• Business Functionality Depends Mainly On Software

• Good Systems S/W Is The Basis
• OS, Programming Languages (3GL)
• Tools To Build S/W Keep Evolving
• 4GL (SQL), RAD Tools
• Typical Life Cycle: 10 -15 Years

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 3

 Software Characteristics
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• Software is Developed or Engineered

• Not Manufactured
• Software Does Not “Wear Out”
• May Become Un-Maintainable
• Hardware Does wear out
• Most Software is Custom-Built
• Limited Role for Packaged Products Which Need Customization
and Integration With Other Apps.

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 4

 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
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• Application of a systematic, disciplined,

quantifiable approach to the development,
operation and maintenance of software; i.e., The
application of engineering to software
• IEEE Definition 1993

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 5

 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
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• Engineering is the analysis, design, construction,

verification and management of technical (or) social
entities
• To engineer S/W, we must define A development
process

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 6

 Building Information Systems
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• Functional Specifications
• System Engineering
• Feasibility Study
• Allocation To H/W, S/W, People
• System Analysis
• System Design
• Coding, Testing, Integration
• Acceptance and Deployment

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 7

 Software Process Models
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• Linear Sequential Model

• The Waterfall Model
• User Knows Inadequacies Too Late
• Prototyping Model
• Model Business, Data, and Processes
• Generate Application
• Test and Turnover

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 8

 Software Process Models
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• Rapid Application Development

• Evolutionary Models
• The Incremental Model
• Sequential + Prototyping
• The Spiral Model
• Concurrent Development Model
• Formal Methods Model

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 9

 UMBRELLA ACTIVITIES
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• Project Tracking And Control

• Formal Technical Reviews
• S/w Quality Assurance
• Configuration Management
• Document Production
• Reusability Management
• Measurement, Risk management

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 10

 Software Project Management
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• Basic Project Management

• Software Teams
• Coordination & Communication
• Process and Project Metrics
• Based on Lines of Code (LoC)
• Function Point Oriented
• Project Scheduling and Tracking

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 11

 Software Engineering
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• A Quality Focus
• Process
• Methods
• Tools

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 12

 SEI MODEL
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• Software Engineering Institute

• At Carnegie Mellon University
• Capability Maturity Model
• Five Levels of Maturity to Measure Effectiveness of
an Organization in its Software Development
Practices (CMM levels)

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 13

 CMM LEVEL 1 (Initial)
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• Process is Ad Hoc (Even Chaotic)

• Very Few Processes Are Defined
• Success Depends Entirely On Individual Efforts

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 14

 CMM LEVEL 2 (Repeatable)
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• Basic Management Processes Are Established

• Cost Schedule And Functionality Is Tracked
• Discipline To Successfully Repeat Projects With
Similar Applications

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 15

 CMM LEVEL 3 (Defined)
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• Software process for both management

and engineering activities is
standardized, documented, and
integrated across the organization
• All projects use the documented
approved version

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 16

 CMM LEVEL 4 (Managed)
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• Detailed measures of process and

product quality are collected
• Process and products quantitatively
understood and controlled using
detailed measures

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 17

 CMM LEVEL 5 (Optimizing)
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• Quantitative feedback exists from process

for continuous process improvement
• Testing innovative ideas and technologies

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 18

 Classical Analysis Modeling
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• Data Object Description

• Entity Relationship Diagram
• Relational Model
• Process Specification
• Data Flow Diagram
• Control Specifications
• State Transition Diagram

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 19

 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
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• Represent Information Domain Of The Problem

• Which Data, How Manipulated
• Five Ws and One H
• Understand S/W Requirements
• Specify S/W Functions, Interfaces, Constraints

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 20

 ENTITY MODEL
IIT BOMBAY

shostel sroom scpi

sname
scourses
sroll Student
shobbies

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 21

 Course Entity
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cname ccredits
cstudents
ccode

Course cfaculty

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 22

 TABLE REPRESENTATION
IIT BOMBAY

sroll sname shostel sroom scpi

99011012 Vijay Ambre 02 218 8.49
01D15034 Shaukat Ali 08 218 7.94

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 23

 TABLE REPRESENTATION
IIT BOMBAY

ccode cname ccredit

CS634 Information Systems 06
CS101 Computer Programming 06

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 24

 RELATIONSHIPS
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Student sroll
Grade

Registers
For

Course ccode
Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 25
 TABLE FOR RELATIONSHIPS
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sroll ccode grade

99011012 CS402 AB

The REG Table

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 26

 ER MODEL
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• Captures Static Characteristics

• Associations May Be
• One To One (Shown By A Dot)
• One To Many, Many To One
• Easy To Map The Structure To Files Or Data Base
Schema
This Model Does Not Cover Dynamic Features,
Workflow, Interfaces, etc.

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 27

 DATA DICTIONARY (Entity Sets)
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• A Repository Of All Information About Entities And

Associations
• For An Entity
• Name, Brief Description
• Approximate Number in The Set
• Frequency of Changes
• Any Other Information

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 28

 DATA DICTIONARY (Attributes)
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• For Each Attribute

• Name, Brief Description
• Data Type and Field Width
• Valid Values (Domain)
• Typical Values

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 29

 FLOW MODELING (DFD)
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• As information flows through A system,

it is transformed
• A transformation represents part of a
system function
• Such flow and the attendant
transformation can be captured using a
model for data flow
• Represented using data flow diagrams

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 30

 Example of a Data Flow
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Error
Participant Reg-form Validate List
Registration Pnext

Roll-list
Acct-master
Faculty
Enrollment-master

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 31

 Example of a Data Flow
IIT BOMBAY

Error
Participant Reg-form Validate List
Registration Pnext

DF1

Roll-list
Acct-master
Validation
Information
Faculty

Enrollment-master

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 32

 DFD SYMBOLS
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Donor External Entity

Acct-statement Data Flow
Check Process
Expense

Pledge-Info Data-Store

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 33

 DFD SYMBOLS
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• External Entity: Source Or Consumer

Of Information
• Arrow: Represents Flow of Data
• Process: Describes Transformation
• Ultimately, Represents the Algorithm or
Program That Gets/Puts Data From/To
Arrows and Contains Processing
Specifications
• Store: Stores Data

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 34

 DFD Data Dictionary
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• Each Symbol Must Have An Associated Label

• Data Dictionary Entries Must Define That Label
in Terms Of its Meta-Data
• Process Narrative (PSPEC) Must be Included

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 35

 Example Entries
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• Reg-Form
• Roll Number, Name, Course, Audit/Credit, Time-table
slot, …
• Validation-Information
• Input to Store: Roll-number
• Return From Store
• Name, CPI, fees-payment status, …

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 36

 CONTEXT DIAGRAM
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• Called level 0 DFD, or the fundamental

system model
• Single bubble with incoming and outgoing
arrows mainly showing the entities
involved
• Functional partitioning further done to
derive several level 1 DFDs

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 37

 Context Diagram Example
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Participant-Info
Participant-Grades

Course-Info

CDEEP Course Contents

Faculty-Info
SYSTEM
Annual Revenue
Remote-Centre-Info

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 38

 REFINEMENT
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• Expansion Of a Level 1 DFD To Add Detailed

Processes
• Flow Continuity Necessary
• Expansion Must Have Same I/O

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 39

 USER INTERFACE
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• Modeling Interactive Screens

• Capture And Validate Input
• Query Retrieval
• Modeling Reports
• Contents and Format
• On Screen, On Printer
• Special Interfaces

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 40

 USER INTERFACE
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• Screen And Forms Layouts

• Source And Target Stores
• Operational Considerations
• Ease Of Use (User Friendliness)
• Keystroke Minimization

Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 41

 SRS Document (Draft Contents)
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• Introduction
• Functional Specifications
• Data Models and Data Dictionary
• ER Model
• Data Flow Model
• User Interface Requirements
• Interfaces to Other Systems
• Procedures and Workflow
• Acceptance Criteria
• Appendices
Dr. Deepak B Phatak cs634-Session 8, Software Engineering, SRS 42