CHAPTER 18

TCP/UDP
GROUP MEMBERS
 TCP/IP MODEL
The transport layer runs on top of the internet layer and is
concern with the transport of packets from the source to
destination. The transport layer contains two protocols , that is
transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol
(UDP).
 TCP
It ensures a correct delivery of packets between the end
points. Since the internet uses the packet switching
technique, there could be congestion at times, TCP takes
care of these situations and makes the internet reliable.
 FEATURES OF TCP
1.RELIABILITY
TCP ensures that any data sent arrives at the
destination as it was sent.
Reliability consists of four aspects
•Error control
•Loss control
•Sequence control
•Duplication control
 Error control
Data must reach the destination exactly as it was
sent.
Data link provides error control at the lower
layer through checksum and CRC
TCP provide error control at the higher layer, the
transport layer. E.g. if a router connecting two
networks introduces some error the data link
does not catch them. Only ensures the error
control between adjacent nodes/routers.
 Loss control
The TCP software may break an original
message into three packets and sent them
to the destination, but on the way only two
packets are received on the destination.
The TCP ensures the destination knows
about the lost packet and request for a
retransmission of the missing packets.
 Sequence control
Since different packets of the same message
can take different routes to reach the same
destination, they could reach out of
sequence.
 Duplication control
Since the same packet can arrive at the destination
twice or more, the destination must have some
mechanism to detect this. Thus it accepts the first
packet and rejects the all its duplicate copies.
 POINT-TO-POINT
CONNECTION
It is also called port-to-port connection.
Each TCP connection has exactly two end
points that is the source and the final
destination. The communication is full
duplex (both computers can sent message to
each other simultaneously).
 CONNECTION
ORIENTED
TCP is connection oriented and provides a
connection called virtual connection (no
direct connection between computers).
Virtual circuits, the sender and the receivers
upon a specific physical connection before
transmission can start, while virtual
connection only the sender and the receiver
are aware of the connection and intermediate
nodes and routers are not aware.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
TCP AND IP Steps for sending a message
 TCP message gets encapsulated in an IP datagram and then sent
across the internet to the destination.
 The TCP software acts as a multiplexer on the sender’s end and as a
demultiplexer on the receivers side.
 The TCP software receives the data from the application, multiplexes
them into TCP packets and gives it to the local IP software.
IP software adds its header on each TCP packet to create an IP packet.
 IP packet is converted into a hardware frame and sent to final
destination.
 At the destination the local IP software receives the IP packet and
removes the frame header and gives it to the local TCP software.
 The TCP software on the destination demultiplexes the IP packet by
removing IP header to extract TCP packet and then removes the TCP
header to get the original message and gives it to the concerned
application.
 PORTS AND SOCKETS
A Port
A port is a 16 bit unique number allocated to a
particular application. It identifies a single
application on a computer.
Using IP address, one computer (client)
communicates with another computer (server) and
the other computer uses the port number to
redirect the message to application B on the client.
The IP protocol enables computer-to-computer
communication whereas TCP enables application-
to-application communication
 Sockets
Socket=IP address + port number
The port number is written after the IP
address, with a colon separating them. E.g. the
port number 80 on a computer 192.20.15.15
would be referred to as socket
192.20.15.15:80
A pair of sockets identifies the a TCP
connection between two applications on two
different host.
PASIVE OPEN AND ACTIVE
OPEN
Applications over the internet communicate with
each other using the connection called virtual
connection mechanism.
In this interaction model, one computer called the
client always request for TCP connection to be
established with the other computer called the
server. The TCP software on the server executes a
process called passive open, which means the
server computer allows TCP connection request to
be received but not to sent.
On the other hand the client always initiates a
TCP connection request by sending them to the
server, thus the client is said to be in an open
mode.