Lesson 2

Rocks and Rock Cycle

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 Rocks and Rock Cycle

Rock

 A rock is naturally-occurring, coherent aggregate of minerals or

solid minerals such as natural glass or organic matter.
 They are found in lithosphere.
 Derived from Greek word lithos meaning “stone”.
 Lithosphere is rigid, rocky, outermost part of the earth, composed
of the crust and upper most part of the upper mantle.
Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 ROCK CYCLE

 A model that describes

all processes by which
rocks are formed,
modified, transported,
decomposed, melted, and
reformed.
 It is a dynamic cycle of
process and products.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
PROCESS OF ROCK CYCLE

1. When magma is exposed to

lower temperature minerals and
amorphous solid crystallize and
solidify, forming igneous rocks.

2. These rocks may be brought

to the surface through uplift,
where they are exposed to
weathering and erosion.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
PROCESS OF ROCK CYCLE

3. The processes of weathering

and erosion break the rocks
down into smaller pieces called
sediments.

4. These sediments may

undergo transportation via
agents (wind, water, glacier,
rivers, and oceans) until they
settle in an area where they will
take deposition.
Sarmiento, Leslie A.
PROCESS OF ROCK CYCLE

5. As more materials settle on

the top, temperature and
pressure increases and the
sediments in the bottom may
undergo lithification.

6. Lithification transform the

sediments into sedimentary
rocks.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
PROCESS OF ROCK CYCLE

7. As the temperature and pressure

increases due to continuous burial
and tectonic activity, they
sedimentary rocks undergo the
process of metamorphism. It
transform them into metamorphic
rocks.

8. If temperature continues to
increase and exceeds the melting
point of the rocks, the rocks will
eventually undergo melting, turning
into magma.
Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 Rocks and Rock Cycle

FORMATION OF IGNEOUS,
SEDIMENTARY, AND METAMORPHIC
ROCKS

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

 IGNEOUS ROCKS are formed from the cooling and solidification

of magma or lava.
 The word “igneous” is derived from Latin igneus means “fiery” or
“on fire”.
 They are form at higher temperatures than other types of rocks.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. Below the surface, from slowly cooling
magma.
• This results in the formation of crystals
that are visible to the naked eye
without the aid of the magnifying lens.
• These types of igneous rocks called
intrusive or plutonic, they cool
underneath the surface as plutons.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. Below the surface, from slowly cooling magma.
Examples: granite, diorite, syenite.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
IGNEOUS ROCKS
2. On the surface, form rapidly cooling
lava.
• This results in the formation of very
small crystals that may not be visible
without the use of a magnifying lens.
• There are called extrusive or
volcanic, they are usually extruded
during volcanic eruptions.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
IGNEOUS ROCKS
2. On the surface, form rapidly cooling lava.
Examples: basalt, andesite, rhyolite.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
3 WAYS IN FORMING
IGNEOUS ROCKS
3. On the surface, from the consolidation
of particle erupted by explosive volcanic
activity.
• When volcanoes erupt violently, the
lava exciting the volcanoes are ripped
apart into smaller pieces by rapidly
expanding gases in the lava.
• Depending on how much gas is present,
the particles may solidify as small as
ash or as large as basketballs.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
3 WAYS IN FORMING
IGNEOUS ROCKS
3. On the surface, from the consolidation
of particle erupted by explosive volcanic
activity.
• When these particles come together on
the surface via lithification, they form
pyroclastic igneous rocks.
• Pyroclastic rocks are hybrid of igneous
and sedimentary rocks. These are
common eruptive product in Philippine
volcanoes.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
IGNEOUS ROCKS
3. On the surface, from the consolidation of particle erupted by
explosive volcanic activity.
Example: ignimbrite(adobe), tuff, and volcanic breccia.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS are the products of the lithification

of particles produced by the weathering of other pre-existing
rocks.
They can have parent material derived from older igneous,
metamorphic, and even sedimentary rocks.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

They may be also compromised of mineral fragments and

organic material, or minerals that precipitate from solution
collectively called sediments.
Derived from Latin sedentarius means “sitting”, as these
sediments will eventually be deposited and settle until they
transformed into sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary lithification occurs at a lower temperature than
that of igneous rocks.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
1. From the cementation of sediments
that have been deposited, buried, and
compacted over a long period of time.
• This process produces sedimentary
rocks that are considered as clastic,
which are differentiated based on the
size of the sediments.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
SEDIMENTARY
1. From the cementation of sediments that have been deposited,
ROCKS
buried, and compacted over a long period of time.
Examples: shale, sandstone, conglomerate

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
2. From the precipitation of
minerals from ions in solution.
• Rocks that are exposed to
water and oxygen can
undergo chemical changes
such as oxidation (rusting)
and hydrolysis through
time.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
2. From the precipitation of minerals from ions in solution.
Examples: limestone, dolostone, and rock salt

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

3 WAYS IN FORMING
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
3. Form the compaction and
cementation of plant and/or animal
remains.
• These types of sedimentary
rocks are called bioclasts.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

3 WAYS IN
FORMING
3. Form the compaction and cementation of plant and/or animal
SEDIMENTARY
remains.
ROCKS
Examples of Bioclastic Sedimentary rocks: Coquina and Orgnic limestone.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS form when parent rocks are altered

by heat, pressure, and the chemical activity of he fluids.
• These processes are collectively known as metamorphism
(meaning change in form).
• Metamorphism usually occurs underneath the surface,
although not as deep as the igneous.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

TWO MAJOR TYPES

OF METAMORPHISM
1. When the dominant altering
factor is pressure, usually due to
tectonic activity, the flat and/or
elongated mineral components
of the pre-exiting rocks reacts
by aligning perpendicular to the
axis of the pressure.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

TWO MAJOR TYPES

OF METAMORPHISM
• This results in the layered or
banded appearance in the rocks
called foliation, and these type of
rocks are called foliated
metamorphic rocks.
• Comes form the Latin word folium
means “leaf”, where the flat leaves
are on the top of each other. This
type of metamorphism is called
regional metamorphism.
Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

TWO MAJOR TYPES

OF METAMORPHISM
Examples: slate, schist, and gneisss

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

TWO MAJOR TYPES

OF METAMORPHISM
2. When the dominant factor is
heat, usually form the direct
contact between an older rock
material and an intruding body o
magma, the parent rocks may
undergo a fundamental change in
texture due to recrystallization.
This process is called contact
metamorphism.
Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

TWO MAJOR TYPES

OF METAMORPHISM
• It results in rocks like marble
and quartzite that are called
non-foliated metamorphic
rocks.

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 ROCKS AS
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 ROCKS AS BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE

It is important to see the

importance of rocks cycle to Earth
as a system.
When rocks are uplifted and
exposed, smaller sediments are
formed through weathering. Soil
could become conducive for plant
growth.
Soil is important since it is a vital
component of the other
biogeochemical cycles.
Sarmiento, Leslie A.
 REFERENCES

Book
Cabria, H., Olivar, J., Rodolfo. R,. (2016). Exploring Life Through
Science (Earth Science). Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

Links
A-Contextualized-Worktext-in-Earth-Science.pdf

Pictures
www.google.com

Next: Classification of Rocks

Sarmiento, Leslie A.