THEORETICAL

FOUNDATION IN THE
STUDY OF VALUES
CHAPTER 3
 THE MEANING AND NATURE OF VALUES
 Value refers to the major priorities that man chooses to act on, and that creatively
enhances his life and the lives of those with whom he associates with.
 Values are things, persons, ideas, or goals, evaluated and directed. They are the
ideals and principles by which man lives.
 According to Carter V. Good, in his Dictionary of Education, value is any
characteristics deemed important because of psychological, social, moral, or
aesthetic considerations, commonly used in the plural, as in counseling, to refer to
built-in inner systems of beliefs from which one can gain security or support.
 Values is an existing realization of desire.
 JUNG AND PIAGET
Jung and Piaget believed that
Freud's theory was too focused on
biology, so Jung created a theory
called Life Stages, and Piaget created
Psychologist Jean Piaget
a theory of cognitive development. Carl Jung was
Life Stages includes childhood, actually a
was a Swiss
youth, middle life, and older younger psychologist
adulthood. The self is taken as the colleague and and genetic
friend of Freud's epistemolo-
central dynamic force in the human when
being that expresses itself through psychoanalytic gist.
the totality of the personality. theory was
prominent.
The following are taken as indicators of value:
 Ideas
>a thought or suggestion as to a possible course of
action
 Feelings
>an emotional state or reaction
 Body
>the physical structure of a person or an animal,
including the bones, flesh, and organs
 the outer behavior of the person
 To the sociologists, values are constituent
facts of social structure as scarce objects of
socially conditioned desire, unevenly
distributed and differentially ranked in the
Durkheimian sense of social fact they are
given data for each individual, and constrain
social behavior toward them.
The term value was first used by the economists who studied its
meaning as a means of exchanging things .
In Marxism, value defined in the labor theory of value where the
exchange value of a thing or commodity is determine by the labor time
it contains.
In the words of G.E. More , is a simple ,unanalyzable term
comparable in this respect to "yellow" ,or any other term of the kind .
The indicator of value usually use is price . Price indicates the
amount of money which one is willing to part with in exchange of
something. It is an indicator of interest or preference or how much one
desires or want the things .
 In olden times , what was referred to as values, was what
was good. Good always defined as desire. According to
Aristotle, good refers to anything for which everything
strives .
According to Homan , the unconscious assumption which
any member of the society makes refer to the values. In any
given situation, value influences what is chosen at the end.
Value is something which is held as important or is
prized ( kahalagahan )
THE PROCESS OF VALUING
Louis Raths, et al. defined value or the process of
valuing as having seven aspects and making clear
that unless all the seven are present ,and then
what the person has chosen is not value .
Value possess criteria which can be divided
into three categories : CHOOSING ,PRIZING and
ACTING .
Hence:
C -Choosing
1. To choose freely
2.To choose from alternatives
3. To choose from alternatives after considering the consequences of such
alternatives
P-Prizing
4. To cherish and be happy with choice
5. To be willing to affirm the choice publicly
 A-Acting
6. To actually do something about the choice
7.To be repeatedly to affirm the choice publicly
 In the area of choice ,the value must be chosen freely
and the person was totally accountable for the choice he
made . The choice must be consider the consequences
of the alternative evident .Essential to the valuing
process is that the choice must be acted upon and
should become part of the life of the person .Finally the
person must be happy with the choice ,a choice that
enhances the emotional and spiritual development of an
individual .
 Thomas Andres gave the following questions to clarity whether or not a given
things is a value:
 
1. Was the value chosen from a range of alternatives that I was aware of?
2. Did I consider the consequence of alternatives that I was aware of?
3. Is the value evident in my behavior? Have I acted on it?
4. Do I act on this value repeatedly in some fashion through I variety of similar
experience?
5. Am I happy and pleased with the choice? 
6. Am I willing to state publicly?
7. Does the value enhance and not impede , the development of my emotional and
spiritual well being?
Values, therefore are major priorities that a
person chooses to act on , that creatively
enhances his life and lives of those with
whom he associates. In this words of hall all
of life is worth living when we sincerely
committed ourselves to the realization of out
goals.
Fr. Jaime a filipino psychologist in his article “The Manileños Mainspring
“ give four large areas of values from the total field of values.
 Value 1- Emotional closeness and security in the family. The filipinos are
noted for manifesting close ties in the family.
 Value 2 -The Authority value. “ This maybe approval by the authority
figure and by society”. Authority figures must be respected and obeyed
within limits.
 Value 3- Economic and social betterment. This value refers to a desire to
raise the standard of living of one family or the hometown.
 Value 4- Patience , suffering and endurance. This value fused with the
religious values since it seems that God is called upon when other means
fail.
THE PHASE OF THEORY OF
VALUES

  One theory explaining the process of valuing is the

PHASE THEORY , this was influenced greatly
thoughts of Ivan illich , Paulo Freirey and Eric Fromm.
According to this theory values are patter of maturing
behavior.
There are four phases of consciousness in value of
development. Each phases has two steps or stages.
 Phase one- The world is perceived as a mystery over which
individual has no control. It is a hostile world in which the self
merely exists. Self is at the center and moral choice is dictated by
what physically satisfies the individual.

• Stage I.
Satisfaction comes through survival in the environment on a day-
to-day basis.

• Stage II.
The person has moved from purely physical to emotional needs
that are physically related.
Phase 2.
The world is universal, viewed no longer as alien and hostile, but a place in
which to belong and succeed. More choices are now based on social, rather
than physical needs. Priorities reflect what the person think society will
approve.
 
• Stage I.
Values are marked by the need to belong. Authority is direct authority, as in
the case of parent, children, boss, etc.
 
• Stage II.
Personal values became institutionalized, reflecting the need to be
competene and successful in the world.
Phase 3.
The world is perceived as a " creation in process" to which person are
invited to make contribution. Moral choices for the first time are shaped
out of conscious, out of personal decision. The self is motivated to be his
own self, to direct his own life, and to one's own ideas and enterprises.
 
• Stage I.
It is highly independent, and even self-seeking. There is radical departure
from the other directedness.
 
• Stage II.
The heavy atmosphere of institutional duty and obligation.
Phase 4
The consciousness of the self has expanded so that a person may think
globally, even cosmically. Individuals are always of a greater whole.
 
• Stage I.
The individual's perceptions of the world changes drastically.
 
• Stage II.
Changes are experienced. Choices and actions are based on "WE"
rather than "I". The mortal imperativeis to reshaped the earth, and take
authority for created order, to grow to intimacy, union with parents, and
God as the same time.
VALUES SKILLS AND DEVELOPMENT
  Values are originate in a person's consciousness -
his meaning system - and are expressed in his
behavior.
 
Values are inventories of skills. Certain values
would not be developed unless the right skills are
also developed.
 1. Instrumental Skills
Ability which intelligence and dexterity that enables
him to be professional an competent. This skills refers
to the abilities that enable one to get a job done, the
intellectual and physical competencies that enable
one to shape both ideas and the immediate external
environment. This are the skills in volved in physical
dexterity, handicrafts, and cognitive accomplishment.
2. Interpersonal Skills
Ability to perceive self and other accurately in ways
that facilitate communication, mutual
understanding and cooperation. In other words this
refer to ability to act with generosity and
understanding towards others, that flows from
knowledge of self and enhances person to person
communication. It is the ability to communicate
with feelings.
 
3.Imaginal Skill
It is the ability to imitate new ideas and to
take data beyond quantification and logic to
the development of new concepts or courses
of action. It also refers to the ability to create
something new by integrating instrumental
and interpersonal skills.
4. System Skills
Ability to see the various parts of a system as
they relate to the whole and to plan for
systematic change. It refer to the ability of an
individual to plan and design change in the
whole systems to act as a whole based on the
capacity of the individual to see how parts
relate to the entire unit.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUES
Mas Scheler, in his history of values, gives four characteristics of
properties of values:
1. They are pure valuable essences or qualities.
2. They are objective and transcend the sentimental perceptions to
which they appeal.
3. They are hierarchically given, dependent and relative among
themselves and with the perceiver.
4. They are always given in pairs. The positive value has always its
corresponding countervalue.
Toman Andres, in his book Understanding
Values, outlines other properties of values:

1. Value is relative
Any value and good may be viewed as:
(a)Good for what? or (b)Good for whom? This two
questions make value relative.
Values are relative to cultural influences and historical
changes. Values are relative to time.
2. Value is subjective
If all values or good are relative, then, in any relation, there are three
things to consider:
(a) That which is related to some other thing. Taken from the latin
word a "quo" it means "from which".
(b) That to which the former is related or reffered. Taken from the
latin word "ad quem", it means "to which".
(c) The basis of relationship between the two terms. The reason why
the term a "quo" is related to the term "ad quem".
 
In the theory of Brightman "Personalistic Value Theory",values are
existing in amd for persons. They are grounded on personality, both
human and divine. In the Supreme Being , values exist as:
*norms, true values
*values as they ought to be;
*values for a coherent and rational mind.
Only persons are evaluators and they impute values to objects.
Persons alone actually experience values. Value is discovered in an
event or in an encounter. Value has reference to or relation to a person
or a subject. Thus value is subjective.
3. Value is objective
Value has an absolute character since it has an objectivity
independent from human appreciation or judgement.
4. Value is bipolar
Value never goes alone but is accompanied by a countervalue.
Every positive value has its corresponding negative value
5. Value is hierarchical
Within the realm of value and among the different classes and
groups there exists a hierarchy, a scaled gradation of values.
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES
According to ancient philosophers, there are three fundamental classifications of
values:
1. useful or utilitarian good. A thing is useful when some other things are obtained
from and through it.
2. pleasurable or delectable good. A thing is pleasurable when it provides pleasure
to the subject. In this sense, pleasure is viewed in two senses: for any feeling of
satisfaction; and for the special experience of delight which is undefinable.
3. befitting or becoming good. A thing is befitting when it develops, completes or
perfects the subject.
It has to be noted that overlapping exists in the above classifications. The
classification is not in itself a division of the good into different species, but a
division of the good into its various modes. The classification is not univocal but
analogical.
Other authorities classify values or good as either intrinsic or
instrumental. Any value may be worthy of desire in either of two ways:
(a) for its own sake (intrinsic), or
(b) for the sake of some other good (instrumental).
Instrumental value is a value or good strived for because of its worth to us
and to others.
Intrinsic value is a value in itself.
In the words of the scholastics, instrumental value is bonum cujus; while
intrinsic value is bonum cui.
An instrumental value presupposes anything which is useful or
advantageous causing happiness or joy.
The following list of intrinsic values was given by Leo
R. Ward, in his book Value and Reality:
1.physical and mental health;
2.knowledge in all its kinds and in all levels;
3.appreciation and sympathy and fellowship;
4.an inner balance and poise and contact;
5.all the moral virtues and their parts and
combinations.
According to nature of occurence, values are classified as
either: accidental or natural human values.
1. Accidental - value which befits a man with respect to
the accidents found in him; characterized by variability,
temporality, and impermanence.
2. Natural value which befits a man with regard to
permanent force found in him or his nature. It befits any
man in every place or every time.
Philosophers describe MAN as a complex reality, a MICROCOSM,
where three main levels can be identified serving as the foundation
for the moral, sociopolitical, and religious rights of man.
1. Physical or biological life. This is the lowest level also common to
plants and animals of various levels and species.
2. Sentiency. This is the middle-level also common in brute animals,
in virtue of which man is capable of experiencing pleasure and pain.
3. Level of reason. This is the highest level by which man is able to
understand and control nature, guide and control himself, and
communicate with God.
Values may also be classified into the following:

1. Primary and secondary values. According to Brian Hall in his book

Value Clarification as Learning Process, primary values are values chosen,
acted upon and are necessary for the authentic development of man.
There are some values necessary for any person to live creatively in the
world like: Self-value or the intrinsic knowledge that his self is of worth to
others; and the value of others which places emphasis on the importance
of other persons, thus, giving him special regard by the other.
Secondary Values are obligatory values determined by society through
long experience and practice which are consistently necessary for the
well-being of its members.
2. Moral or ethical values. Moral or ethical values are basic and
urgent in the life of man. In the words of Fritz Von Rintelen, moral
value is a qualitatively determined value in-itself which has a
normative obligatory character and presupposes the liberty of
possible decision, a decision to effectuate real value in concrete acts
of varying degrees.
Moral or ethical values are the "ought to be" that appeal to our
freedom. Moral values refer to the qualities that lift the level of
personal value to a degree higher than the economic, cultural, and
aesthetic values. Moral values possess two characteristics:
universality and singularity. They have obligatory character.
3. Religious values. These values refer to that inner achievement and
a hopeful transition into a domain of suprasensible forces which are
more elevated in the hierarchy of values.
Religious values aim for the Absolute and Supreme Value, the
Highest Good (Summum bonum). It seeks a communion with the
Absolute and wishes to unite man with the ultimate and
transcendental principle of everything that exists.
According to A.C. Ewing, religious values are those that refer to the
attachment to the right. attitudes towards reality as a whole or to
the worship. of Good, and communion with God.
4. Cultural values. Cultural values may be viewed as a question of
spiritual production which already possesses an immediate
relationship to human personal being and its inner existential
states, insofar as man is open to them
In looking at cultural values, the following factors must be
considered:
(a) extensiveness of the value in the total activity of the system;
(b) duration of the value or its persistence over a long
period of time;
(c) intensity with which the value is sought or maintained; and
(d) prestige of value carrier.
5. Social values. Social values may be defined to be the perfection
assigned to an object or attitude in virtue of a relationship between
means and ends in society.
Here, two types have to be considered:
(a) values which are constitutionally social, and
(b) values related to what is social.
Examples of values which are constitutionally social are:
patriotism
nationalism family ties
friendship
Examples of values which are related to what is social are:
creative values
vivencial values
Gerard Esser, in his article, "Ethical Values in Sex Life," argued
that sex is one very good example of an absolute and universal
values.
According to him, "the sex urge is a manifestation of the
essential destination of man for love, a love in the spiritual
sense of the word. The sex urge contains in its inmost nature a
transcendental function. It calls out man of himself to a union
with another person. It makes the one partner realize that he
is dependent on the other partner, for the purpose of mutual
completion, refinement and ennoblement in the physical and
spiritual sphere of human life."
THANK
YOU!!!!