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Development of Muscles and Limbs

The document summarizes limb and muscle development. Limb development begins with the appearance of limb buds originating from surface ectoderm and mesenchyme. Key signaling centers that control the anteroposterior, proximodistal, and dorsoventral axes are the apical ectodermal ridge, zone of polarizing activity, and dorsal and ventral ectoderm. Muscle development occurs through the segmentation of somites into dermomyotome and sclerotome, with the dermomyotome forming myotomes that differentiate into muscle fibers through the fusion of myoblasts. Common anomalies of limb and muscle development are also outlined.

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34 views

Development of Muscles and Limbs

The document summarizes limb and muscle development. Limb development begins with the appearance of limb buds originating from surface ectoderm and mesenchyme. Key signaling centers that control the anteroposterior, proximodistal, and dorsoventral axes are the apical ectodermal ridge, zone of polarizing activity, and dorsal and ventral ectoderm. Muscle development occurs through the segmentation of somites into dermomyotome and sclerotome, with the dermomyotome forming myotomes that differentiate into muscle fibers through the fusion of myoblasts. Common anomalies of limb and muscle development are also outlined.

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bevorsi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEVELOPMENT OF

LIMBS AND
MUSCLES
M.O2
OBJECTIVES

■ To highlight on the key stages of limb development


■ To highlight on key signaling centres in limb development
■ To highlight on anomalies of limb development
■ To highlight on the key stages of muscle development
GENERAL SCHEME IN
EMBRYOLOGY
■ SOURCE
■ SITE
■ SEQUENCE
LIMB DEVELOPMENT
■ Source
 Surface ectoderm- skin and its appendages
 Mesenchyme (sources?)– appendicular skeleton, muscles, joints
■ Site
 Upper limb – C4 - T2 spinal segments
 Lower limb – L2 - S2 spinal segments
■ Sequence
Sequence
■ Appearance of limb bud (week 4)
■ Thickening of distal ectoderm to form the apical ectodermal ridge
■ Elongation of the limb bud
■ Flattening of the terminal portion of the limb bud= foot/hand plates
(week 6)
■ Appearance of the first constriction
■ 2nd constriction appears dividing proximal portion into 2
■ Condensation of mesenchyme in hand/foot plates to form digital rays
■ Interdigital apoptosis
■ Differentiation of mesenchyme to form limb musculature
SIGNALING CENTRES OF
LIMB DEVELOPMENT

■ APICAL ECTODERMAL RIDGE -


proximodistal axis

■ ZONE OF POLARISING ACTIVITY –


anteroposterior

■ DORSAL AND VENTRAL ECTODERM –


dorsal ventral axis
SUMMARY

AER ZPA DORSAL AND VENTRAL ECTODERM


DIFFERENCES IN UL VS LL
DEVELOPMENT
Upper limb lower limb
Time of appearance of 1 or 2 days before 1 or 2 days after
limb buds

Position C4 –T2 segments L2- S2 spinal


segments
Rotation 90 laterally 90 medially
Signaling factors * TBX 5 TBX 4
ANOMALIES OF LIMB
DEVELOPMENT
■ Identify giving its basis

AMELIA
- Right lower
PHOCOMELIA limb ACHONROPLASIA
ANOMALIES OF LIMB
DEVELOPMENT

CUTANEOUS
SYNDACTYLY OSSEOUSSYNDACTYLY
ANOMALIES OF LIMB
DEVELOPMENT

POLYDACTYLYL TALIPES EQUINOVARUS


OTHER LIMB ANOMALIES

■ Brachydactyly
■ Macrodactyly and microdactyly
■ Congenital absence of the radius
■ Congenital hip dislocation
■ Lobster claw hand/foot
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLES
■ Sources
 Skeletal muscle – Paraxial mesoderm
 Smooth muscle – splanchnic layer of lateral plate
mesoderm. Exceptions?
 Cardiac muscle – splanchnic layer of lateral plate
mesoderm
SOMITIC SEGEMENTATION
■ Somites divide into ventral dermomyotome and dorsal sclerotome
■ Dermomyotome - gives dermatome and myotome
■ Myotome has 2 muscle forming regions: hypomere and epimere.
■ Epimere - extensor muscles of the the back –erector spinae
■ Hypomere - forms limbs and lateral body wall musculature
INNERVATION
■ Epimere – dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
■ Hypomere – ventral ramus of spinal nerve
Sequence of striated muscles myogenesis

■ The mesenchymal cells differentiate into primordial muscle cells -


myoblasts.
■ This differentiation includes elongation of cell and its nucleus.
■ The myoblasts fuse with each other end-to-end to form an elongated
multinucleated cylindrical syncytial cell called myotube.
■ The myotubes synthesize actin, myosin, and other muscle proteins.
■ These proteins aggregate to form myofilaments and myofibrils.
■ Now, the myotubes are called muscle fibers.
SMOOTH MUSCLE MYOGENESIS

■ The mesenchymal cells differentiate into the myoblasts.


■ The myoblasts become spindle shaped and their nuclei become
oval.
■ The myoblasts do not fuse with each other as in skeletal muscle;
consequently muscle fibers of smooth muscle remain
mononucleated.
■ The contractile elements develop in the cytoplasm of the muscle
fiber but are nonsarcomeric
CARDIAC MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT
■ Source - splanchnic mesoderm
■ Site – around the endothelial heart tube.
■ Sequence
 Myoblasts adhere to one another by special attachments that later
develop into intercalated discs.
 Myoblasts do not fuse
 Myofibrils develop as in skeletal muscle.
 Few special bundles of muscle cells with irregularly distributed
myofibrils become visible.
 These bundles, Purkinje fibers, form the conducting system of the heart
ANOMALIES OF
MUSCLE
DEVELOPMENT

POLAND’S SYNDROME ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX CONGEN


ANOMALIES OF MUSCLE
DEVELOPMENT

PRUNE BELLY SYNDROME EXTROPHY OF THE BLADDER


TEŞEKKÜRLER!

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