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Artificial Intelligence: Lecture 1: Welcome and

This document provides an introduction to an artificial intelligence lecture. It discusses definitions of AI, including focusing on the automation of intelligent behavior through principles, knowledge representation, algorithms, and languages. A brief history of AI is also presented, mentioning figures like Aristotle, Copernicus, and Descartes and how they contributed to concepts relevant to AI like logic, reasoning, and separating the mind from the physical world. The lecture also discusses what AI can do, including game playing, reasoning, expert systems, language understanding, planning, and machine learning. It introduces the topics of representation and state space search, which are important concepts in AI problem solving.

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Muhammad Umar
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views

Artificial Intelligence: Lecture 1: Welcome and

This document provides an introduction to an artificial intelligence lecture. It discusses definitions of AI, including focusing on the automation of intelligent behavior through principles, knowledge representation, algorithms, and languages. A brief history of AI is also presented, mentioning figures like Aristotle, Copernicus, and Descartes and how they contributed to concepts relevant to AI like logic, reasoning, and separating the mind from the physical world. The lecture also discusses what AI can do, including game playing, reasoning, expert systems, language understanding, planning, and machine learning. It introduces the topics of representation and state space search, which are important concepts in AI problem solving.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 1: Welcome and


Introduction
Do You Know

 , 
 Graph vs Tree
 BFS
 O(n)
 Implication
Today

 What is AI?

 Brief History of AI

 What is this course?


An Attempted Definition
 AI – the branch of computer science that is concerned
with the automation of intelligent behavior
 Sound theoretical and applied principles
 Data structures for knowledge representation
 Algorithms of applying knowledge
 Languages for algorithm implementation

 Problem
 What is Intelligence?

 This course discusses


 The collection of problems and methodologies studied by AI
researchers
Brief Early History of AI
 Aristotle – 2000 years ago
 The nature of world
 Logics
 Modus ponens and reasoning system
 Copernicus – 1543
 Split between human mind and its surroundings
 Descrates (1680)
 Thought and mind
 Separate mind from physical world
 Mental process formalized by mathematics
Modern History
 Formal logic
 Leibniz
 Boole
 Turing
 Frege – first-order predicate calculus
 Graph theory
 Euler
 State space search
Models of Intelligence
 Logic Models
 Formal logic
 Fuzzy logic
 Non-monotonic logic
What is AI?

The science of making machines that:

Think like humans Think rationally

Act like humans Act rationally


Acting Like Humans?
 Turing (1950) ``Computing machinery and intelligence''
 ``Can machines think?''  ``Can machines behave intelligently?''
 Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

 Predicted by 2000, a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes


 Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years
 Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language
understanding, learning
 Problem: Turing test is not reproducible or amenable to mathematical
analysis
Thinking Like Humans?
 The Cognitive Science approach:
 1960s ``cognitive revolution'': information-processing
psychology replaced prevailing orthodoxy of
behaviorism

 Scientific theories of internal activities of the brain


 Cognitive science: Predicting and testing behavior of
human subjects (top-down)
 Cognitive neuroscience: Direct identification from
neurological data (bottom-up)
 Both approaches now distinct from AI
 Both share with AI the following characteristic:
 The available theories do not explain (or engender)
anything resembling human-level general intelligence}

 Hence, all three fields share one principal direction!


Imaging the Brain
Neural Basis of Intelligence
 How does a system of neurons with
specific processes, connectivity, and
functions support the ability to think,
reason, and communicate?
Brains ~ Computers
 1000 operations/sec  1,000,000,000
 100,000,000,000 ops/sec
units  1-100 processors
 stochastic  deterministic
 fault tolerant  crashes
 evolves, learns  designed,
programmed
What is AI?

The science of making machines that:

Think like humans Think rationally

Act like humans Act rationally


Thinking Rationally?
 The “Laws of Thought” approach
 What does it mean to “think rationally”?

 Logicist tradition:
 Logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts
 Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
 Direct line through mathematics, philosophy, to modern AI

 Problems:
 Representing informal knowledge in the formal terms required by logical
notations
 Being able to solve a problem “in principle” and doing so in practice
Acting Rationally
 Rational behavior: doing the “right thing”
 The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal
achievement, given the available information
 Doesn't necessarily involve thinking, e.g., blinking
 Thinking can be in the service of rational action
 Entirely dependent on goals!
 Irrational ≠ insane, irrationality is sub-optimal action
 Rational ≠ successful

 Our focus here: rational agents


 Systems which make the best possible decisions given goals,
evidence, and constraints
 In the real world, usually lots of uncertainty
 … and lots of complexity
 Usually, we’re just approximating rationality

 “Computational rationality” a better title for this course


Artificial Intelligence

Lecture 2: AI Application Areas,


Representation & Search
Today

 What can AI do?

 Representation

 Search
AI Research and Application Areas
 Game Playing
 Automated Reasoning and Theorem Proving
 Expert Systems
 Natural Language Understanding and Semantic
Modelling
 Modelling Human Performance
 Planning and Robotics
 Languages and Environments for AI
 Machine Learning
 Alternative Representation: Neural Nets
 AI and Philosophy
Today

 What can AI do?

 Representation

 Search
Representation Systems
 What is it?
 Capture the essential features of a problem domain
and make that information accessible to a problem-
solving procedure
 Measures
 Abstraction – how to manage complexity
 Expressiveness – what can be represented
 Efficiency – how is it used to solve problems
 Trade-off between efficiency and
expressiveness
Representation of 
Different representations of the real number π.
Image Representation
• Array representation – 2D
• Image representation -- Digitized image of chromosomes in metaphase.
Block World Representation

A blocks world Logical Clauses describing some


important properties and
relationships

General rule
Bluebird Representations
Logical predicates representing a
simple description of a bluebird.

Semantic network description of a


bluebird.
Today

 What can AI do?

 Representation

 Search
State Space Search
 State space
 State – any current representation of a problem
 State space
 All possible state of the problem
 Start states – the initial state of the problem
 Target states – the final states of the problem that has been solved
 State space graph
 Nodes – possible states
 Links – actions that change the problem from one state to another
 State space search
 Find a path from an initial state to a target state in the state space
 Various search strategies
 Exhaustive search – guarantee that the path will be found if it exists
 Depth-first
 Breath-first
 Best-first search
 heuristics
Tic-tac-toe State Space

Portion of the
state space for
tic-tac-toe.
Auto Diagnosis State Space
State space
description of
the automotive
diagnosis
problem.

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