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10C Polymer Processing (1.3 MB)

Processing of polymer composites

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42 views

10C Polymer Processing (1.3 MB)

Processing of polymer composites

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Anonymous 5AmJ13mLk
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No.

ENR116 Engineering Materials

Module 4 Non-metals and Corrosion

Dr Louise Smith

Mawson Institute
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 2

Copyright Notice
Do not remove this notice.

COMMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulations 1969

WARNING
This material has been produced and communicated to you by or on
behalf of the University of South Australia pursuant to Part VB of the
Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).

The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under


the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by
you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act.

Do not remove this notice.


ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 3

Polymer processing and


applications
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 4

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this section, students will be able to:

• Describe typical polymer applications in relation to


polymer classes.

• Describe some of the commonly used polymer processing


techniques.
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 5

Melting and glass


transition temperatures

Tg and Tm define the upper


and lower working
temperature limits

Specific volume (ν) is the


volume occupied by a unit of
mass of a material.

Adapted from Fig. 15.18,


Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 6

Factors that influence melting and


glass transition temperatures
Melting: Rearrangement of the molecules, in a
transformation from an ordered to disordered molecular state.

• Presence of double bonds - increase Tm

• Bulky or large side groups - increase Tm

• Polar groups – increase Tm

• Molecular weight (when relatively low) increases Tm

• Degree of branching - introduces defects in crystalline


polymers and lowers Tm
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 7

Factors that influence melting and


glass transition temperatures
Glass Transition Temperature: Solid polymer transforms from a
rigid to a rubbery state.

Tg increases with:
• Presence of double bonds in the backbone.
• Bulky side groups
• Polar groups
• Increasing the molecular weight

Branching - small amount lowers Tg, high amount


however elevates Tg.
Crosslinking - raises Tg .
High density of crosslinks - no glass transition.
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 8

Polymer types

Seven categories:

Plastics
Elastomers (or rubber) Dowcorning.com

Fibres
Coatings
Adhesives
Foams Pittsburghplastics.com

Films

Wisegeek.com
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 9

Polymer types: Plastics


Plastics:
Solid materials that have some structural rigidity under load
and are used in general-purpose applications.

Variety of properties possible!


• Rigid and brittle.
• Flexible, exhibiting both elastic and
plastic deformations.
• May have any degree of crystallinity.
• Linear or branched.

Thermoplastic or Thermosetting
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 10

Polymer types: Elastomers


Elastomers: Experience large and reversible elastic
deformations

• Natural rubber styrene

• Synthetic rubber
butadiene
• Silicone rubber

Example: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)


ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 11

Polymer types: Fibres


Fibres: Length/diameter ratio >100

Mainly used in the textile industry and in the manufacture of


composites (aramid fibres)

Must have high tensile strength:

• Usually highly crystalline


• Formed of linear, symmetrical chains

• Regular repeat units

• Polar function groups


ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 12

Polymer types: Other


Coatings:
Thin film of polymer on surfaces - i.e. paint, varnish.
Used to protect item, improve appearance, provide electrical
insulation.

Adhesives:
Produce bond between two adherends.
Bonded via mechanical or chemical mechanism.

Films:
Blown film extrusion for packaging, etc.

Foams:
Gas bubbles in plastic for packaging, insulation.
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 13

Polymer additives

Additives are used to improve mechanical properties,


processing, durability, etc.

Fillers:
Added to improve tensile strength & abrasion resistance,
toughness & decrease cost.
Example: carbon black in rubber

Plasticizers:
Added to reduce the glass transition temperature Tg
Migration of plasticizers can be problematic
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 14

Polymer additives

Stabilizers:
Antioxidants
UV protectants

Lubricants:
Added to allow for easier handling during processing i.e.
‘slides’ through dies easier. Example: Na stearate.

Colorants:
Dyes or pigments for aesthetic purposes.

Flame Retardants:
Cl/F & B
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 15

Polymer Processing

Thermoplastics Thermosets
Soften upon heating, Degrade or burn upon
harden when cooled reheating

General process: General process:


• Heat until soft • Prepolymer is
• Shape molded
• Set via cooling • Set via cooling
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 16

Processing of polymers: Molding


Compression and transfer molding:
Used for both thermoplastics or thermosets.
Male mold

Female
mold

Adapted from Fig. 15.23,


Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 17

Processing of polymers: Molding


Injection molding:
Used for thermoplastics and some thermosets (RIM)

Adapted from Fig. 15.24,


Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 18

Processing of polymers: Extrusion

Adapted from Fig. 15.25, Callister &


Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 15.25 is from
Encyclopædia Britannica, 1997.)
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 19

Blown-Film Extrusion

Adapted from Fig. 15.26, Callister &


Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 15.26 is from
Encyclopædia Britannica, 1997.)
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 20

Summary

• Polymers are widely used as plastics,


elastomers, fibres, coatings, adhesives, films
and foams.

• Typical polymer processing includes


compression and injection moulding, extrusion
and blown film extrusion.
ENR116 – Mod. 4- Slide No. 21

Thank you

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