Chapter 3

Determinants
and
Diagonalization
 Contents
• 3.1. The cofactor Expansion
• 3.2.Determinants and Matrix
Inverses
• 3.3. Diagonalization and Eigenvalues
• 3.4. An Application to Linear
Recurrences
3.1. The Cofactor Expansion
 If A=[a] then the determinant of
A, denoted by detA=a
 If A is an 2x2 matrix then

+ - +

 If A is an 3x3 matrix then the

determinant of A is defined by
The determinant of 3x3
matrix
 The determinant of 3x3
matrix

- - - + + +
 Find detA if

- - - + + +
Note that : only use with 3x3 matrices
How to define the determinant
of an mxm matrix?
 The (i,j)-cofactor
(phần phụ đại số)
• If A is an mxm matrix then the (i,j)-cofactor of A is
defined by
cij(A)=(-1)i+jdet(Aij)
• Aij is the (m-1)x(m-1) matrix obtained from A by
deleting row i and column j of A
• For example, c23(A)=(-1)2+3det(A23)=-14
 Definition
If A is an mxm matrix then the determinant of
A is defined by
• detA=ai1ci1(A)+ai2ci2(A)+…+aimcim(A)
• or detA= a1jc1j(A)+a2jc2j(A)+…+amjcmj(A)
 Examples
• Find the determinant of the matrices
 Properties
• If A has one row of zeros then detA=0
• If A is an triangular matrix then detA is the
product of the entries on the main diagonal
 Example
Suppose A is an triangular matrix, a11=4
and c11(A)=11. What is the product of all
entries on the main diagonal?

A)11 B)44 C)-11 D)-44

 Determinants and
elementary operations
• If B obtained from A by interchanging two
rows (or columns) then detB=-detA
• For example, detC’=-detC=12
 Examples
• If two rows (or columns) of a matrix is the
same then the determinant is zero
 Determinants and
elementary operations
• If B is the matrix obtained from A by
multiplying one row (or column) by a nonzero
number k then detB=kdetA
• For example, detA=35, detA’=2detA=2.35=70
 Examples
Find a such that

a) 4 b) 12 c) 48 d)64
 Examples
• Find the determinants of the matrices
 Determinants and
elementary operations
• If B is the matrix obtained from A by adding a
multiple of one row (or column) to another
row (or column) then detB=detA
• For example,
 Examples
• Find the determinants of the matrices
 Examples
Find DetA and DetB:
 Example
• Find

and compare with ?

 Theorem
 detA=det(AT)
 det(AB)=detA.detB
 If A is an nxn matrix then
det(kA)=kndetA

Note that det(Ak)=(detA)k

 Example
• Show that if A is an invertible matrix
then

det(A-1)=1/detA
 Example
Let A is a nxn matrix, k is a scalar.
Which of the following are false?

a) det(AT)=detA b) det(AB)=detAdetB

c) det(A+B)=detA+detB d) det(kA)=kdetA

e) det(kA)=kndetA
 Example
Let A and B are nxn matrix. Which statement is false?

a) det(A-1BA)=detB b) det(AB-1A-1B)=1

c) detAdetA-1=1 d) detAdetAT=1

e) det(ATB)=det(BTA)
 Example

a)detA=12 and det(A-1)T=12

b) detA=12 and det(A-1)T=1/12
c) detA=1/12 and det(A-1)T=12
d) detA=1/12= det(A-1)T
Determinant with block
Compute
Determinant with block
Determinant with block
Not need be a square matrix
Square matrix

Square matrix
Determinant with block
3.2.Determinant and Matrix
Inverses
• If A is invertible then AIdentity matrix
• If detA ≠0 and AB by elementary operations
then detB ≠0
• A is invertible iff detA≠0
• Cramer’s Rule
• Give a formula to find A-1
 (i,j-Cofactor
(phần phụ đại số)
• cij=cij(A)=(-1)i+jdet(Aij) ( it is a number)
• Aij is the matrix obtained from A by deleting
row i and column j
 Adjugate matrix
• The adjugate matrix of A is the matrix
 Theorem of Adjugate
Formula
If A is any square matrix, then
• A(adjA)=(detA)I
• In particular, if detA≠0 then A is invertible and

Note that […]

 Example
Let A be a nxn matrix with detA=3.

Find det(adjA)?

a) 1/3 b)1/2 c)2 d) 3

e) 3n-1
Example 7 p.121
Execises 1 p.126
 Cramer’s Rule
 Cramer’s system: system of n equations
involving n variables and has unique solution
 So, the coefficient matrix is invertible
 A is invertible iff detA≠0
 Cramer’s Rule
• Consider the matrix equation AX=B where A is
an invertible square matrix, X=[x1 x2 … xn]T.
That means, AX=B is a Cramer’s system. Then
the system has unique solution given by

?
Cramer’s system: AX=B
 Example 9 p.123
• Note that […]
Cramer’s rule enabled us to calculate x1 here without
computing x2 or x3. This might seem an advantage,
but the truth of the matter is that, for large systems of
equations, the number of computations needed to find
all the variables by the Gaussian algorithm is
comparable to the number required to find one of the
determinants involved in Cramer’s rule, or the matrix
of system is not invertible and even the coefficient
matrix is not square.
 Example
Look at the following statements and choose the correct answers:

(i) If detA=0, is it true that AX=B has no solution?

(ii) If detA=0, is it true that rankA=0?

(iii) If detA is not 0, is it true that A is invertible?

(iv) If A is nxn matrix, and the equation AX=B has more than
one solution, is it true that detA=0?

a) yes, no, no, yes. b) yes, yes, no, yes.

c) no, no, yes, yes. d) no,yes,yes,no.
e) yes, no, yes, yes.
 3.3. Diagonalization and Eigenvalues

The following statements are equivalent

• A is invertible
• detA≠0
• The matrix equation AX=B has unique solution
• The homogeneous system AX=0 has only
trivial solution
• AIdentity matrix by elementary operations
 Example
• Compute A2,A3, and A2009 if
 Diagonal matrices
• An nxn matrix is called diagonal matrix if all its
entries off the main diagonal are zeros

• For example
 Theorem
• If A is an nxn matrix and P is an invertible nxn matrix
then
 Objective
• Find the invertible matrix P such that
• P-1AP is a diagonal matrix

• Then,
Example
How to find P?
 Eigenvalues and
eigenvectors
• If A is an nxn matrix, a number λ is called an
eigenvalue of A if AX=λX for some column X≠0
• Such a nonzero column X is called an eigenvector of
A corresponding to λ, or a λ-eigenvector for short
eigenvalue

λ-eigenvector
 Example
• Find an eigenvalue and
eigenvector for the matrix

eigenvalue eigenvector
How to find P?

Xi are nonzero columns

 Characteristic Polynomial
• The characteristic polynomial of an nxn matrix A is
defined by
cA(x)=det(xI-A)

• For example, if
 Example
Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

The characteristic polynomial of A is

 we solve the equation

The solution is

t is arbitrary

The eigenvectors of A corresponding to λ1=0 is

t≠0
  we solve the equation

The solution is

t is arbitrary

The eigenvectors of A corresponding to is

t≠0
 When is A diagonalizable?
Theorem

A is diagonalizable iff every eigenvalue of multiplicity m

yields exactly m basic eigenvectors, that is,

iff the general solution of the system

has exactly m parameters.

3.4. An Application to Linear Recurrences
 Linear Dynamical System

Definition

V0,V1,V2,… are columns such that

V0 is known and

Vk+1=AVk for each k>=0

matrix recurrence
An Application to Linear Recurrences
Thanks