The students are expected to:

1. Discuss philosophy and its importance as a discipline and a

means for understanding life;
2. Appreciate the value of philosophy in daily life;
3. Become philosophical in dealing with life situations; and
4. Discuss the practical uses of philosophy in life
Pretest: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The study of anything is called _______.

a. Philosophy
b. Etymology
c. Metaphysics
2. The father of Western philosophy.
a. Socrates
b. Thales
c. Pythagoras
Pretest: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

3. Philosophy is all about deep _________.

a. Questions
b. Thinking
c. Appreciation

4. They are the lovers of wisdom.

a. Greek triumvirate
b. Philosophers
c. Priests
Pretest: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

5. The father of modern philosophy.

a. Immanuel Kant
b. Rene Descartes
c. Karl Jasper
6. He proposed that matter is composed of tiny particles
called “atoms”
a. Heraclitus
b. Democritus
c. Epicurus
Pretest: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

7. A branch of Philosophy that deals on the problem of

knowledge.
a. Ethics
b. Logic
c. Epistemology
8. A branch of Philosophy that deals with the nature of
existence.
a. Aesthetics
b. Logic
c. Metaphysics
Pretest: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

9. The Philosopher who used the first principle method.

a. Socrates
b. Plato
c. Aristotle
10.Which of the following is not a characteristics of a
philosophical question?
a. These questions are broad or general.
b. There is no single methodology of answering these
questions.
c. These questions are specific.
Answers:
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. C
10.C
 KWL CHART: write on your notebook
WHAT I KNOW WHAT I WONDER WHAT I LEARNED

PHILOSOPHY
Do we need deep
thinking in philosophy?
 Activity 1: Read and analyze the situation
Imagine that a vaccine for Covid -19 is already available and therefore the
community quarantine was lifted throughout the Philippines.
Freedom at last! You decided to travel the country. However during one of your
travel adventures you come upon an unfamiliar area and therefore as much as
you hate to admit it you have to accept the truth: you are lost.

What would be the first question you will ask?

The second question you will ask?
When you answer the first two questions successfully
you will discover your location.
You are no longer lost.
Still you need to answer one remaining question.

What do you think is that question?

You might not realize this but you are already doing
philosophy when you are answering these three questions:

-Where am I?
-How do I know it?
-What should I do?

The reason is that these three questions are the primary

questions of philosophy. Let us now turn our attention to
philosophy.
What is Philosophy of the Human Person???

Philosophy of the Human Person understands the

human person from a philosophical perspective–
integrating and synthesizing the different branches of
philosophy and other fields of study to know the truth
about the human
But what is Philosophy?
 Philosophy
● etymology: comes from two Greek
words: philos (love) and sophia
(wisdom) which were used by
ancient Greeks to refer to “love of
wisdom”

● the study or discipline that uses

human reason to investigate the The Thinker
ultimate, causes, reasons, and
 Philosophy
● Greece is the birthplace of
philosophy in the West.
● To be more precise it is the ancient
Greek city of Miletus in the
Western coast of what is now
Turkey that gave birth to
philosophy.
The Thinker
Philosophy
As an intellectual activity is an
analytic procedure of addressing
individual thought processes such as
resolving conflict and confusion,
testing positions, and analyzing
beliefs. In all instances, doing
philosophy is prescribed by logic,
reason, and ethics leading to
wisdom The Thinker
Philosophy
Philosophy as a science is also a
systematized body of knowledge but
unlike other sciences which employs
observation and experimentation to
prove their theories, philosophy uses
reason to arrive at a certain
knowledge or truth.

The Thinker
Philosophy
Philosophy as First Cause or
Highest Principle. A principle is a
fundamental truth or proposition that
serves as the foundation for a system of
belief or behavior or for a chain of
reasoning.

The idea is to break down complicated

problems into basic elements and then
reassemble them from the ground up. The Thinker
 The First Principle Method by Aristotle

1. Principle of Identity – whatever is is; and whatever is not is

not; everything is what it is.
2. Principle of Non-Contradiction – it is impossible for a thing to
be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect.
3. Principle of Excluded Middle – a thing is either is or is not;
everything must be either be or not be; between being and not-
being, there is no middle ground possible.
4. Principle of Sufficient Reason – nothing exists without a
sufficient reason for its being and existence.
 ac te r isti c s o f Ph il o s o phy
The Char
1. The relationship between philosophy and facts--philosophers are generally
more interested in what lies behind the facts, their meaning, significance and
veracity, than in the facts themselves.
2. The importance of method in philosophical investigation—it often surprises
people to learn that philosophy is not nearly as interested in what they believe as in
WHY THEY BELIEVE IT. A first-order discipline is a field that studies reality directly.
(ex: biology) A second-order discipline is a field that studies that methods and
presumption of the first-order discipline.
3. One of the primary tasks of philosophy is clarification—philosophy is
interested in finding the truth and clearly thinking is a key ingredient in that search.
There are two great enemies of clear thinking: ambiguity(more than one possible
meaning) and vagueness (meaning is not clear)
 ac te r isti c s o f Ph il o s o phy
The Char
4. Philosophy examines and evaluates everything-- Nothing is taken for granted.
In philosophy, every belief and idea is open to critical examination. Philosopher
require clarification and justification before accepting any beliefs are true.
5. Philosophy is usually concerned with foundational issues that have been
perennial throughout the history of human kind--It deals with humankind’s most
important issues. Ex: are people free or determined? Is the human being just a
physical body or is there an immaterial aspects as well?
6. Philosophy often appeals to systems of principles or guidelines regarded to
be true—Philosophers build systems of beliefs. In order to do that, they begin with
guidelines or first principles that they hold to be true and then using these,
investigate new knowledge claims as they arise. Ex: classical laws of logic or
system of beliefs in science.
PHILOSOPHY came to be understood more as a way of
thinking about questions.

Such as:

Do we really have control over our lives?

What is the purpose of being happy?
Is it fate or destiny that controls us?
Do guns protect people or kill people?
What is the meaning of true love?
Is life fair?
 Philosophical Question
It examines and criticizes our beliefs and assumptions in our
everyday life.
The only solution to such philosophical question is to ask them.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION

1. These questions are broad or general.
2. There is no single methodology of answering these questions.
3. These questions have no practical use or purpose.
 Activity 2: What philosophical questions about
your life are you struggling to find an answers
to?
Me:
What is my purpose in life?
Why am I alive?
What happened after we die?

How about yours???? Write your

answers on your notebook!
Philosophers
are people who engage in
philosophy or “lovers of
wisdom”
Philosophers
A philosopher is like a
child who has an
inquisitive mind who
never stops asking
questions and finding
answers.
The Ancient Philosophers
Western Philosophers
 Pythagora
s
a mathematician and scientist,
credited with formulating the
Pythagorean Theorem established a
community of learners devoted to the
study of religion and philosophy
The term “philosophia” was first
used by PYTHAGORAS and his
followers around 531 B.C.
 Heraclitus
Heraclitus proposed that
everything that exists is based
on a higher order or plan which
he called LOGOS .
He said that fire is the origin of all
things and that permanence is an
illusion as all things are in perpetual
CHANGE
flux is permanent aspect of the human condition; “No
man ever steps in the same river twice.”
 Democritus

Democritus study the causes of natural

phenomena was among the first to propose
that matter is composed of tiny particles
called atoms
Sometimes known as the "Laughing
Philosopher", was a Pre-Socratic Greek
philosopher from Thrace in northern Greece.
Along with his teacher, Leucippus, he was
 Epicurus

He believed that philosophy

could enable man to live a life of
happiness.

His views gave rise to

EPICUREANISM – a school
of philosophy which believes
that wisdom and simple living
will result in a life free of fear
 Socrates
Believed that philosophy could enable a man to
live a life of virtue.

He formulated the Socratic Method

 Plato
a student of Socrates, he wrote down his
mentor’s teachings and incorporated some of his
own ideas

his teachings and writings were considered the

foundation of Western philosophy dialectic – a
method of inquiry where two opposing ideas are
discussed in an attempt to arrive at new
knowledge
 Aristotle
Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the
Lyceum.
All ideas and views are based on perception and
our reality is based on what we can sense and
perceive .

Studied logic that led to the formulation of a

formal process of analyzing reasoning which
gave rise to DEDUCTIVE REASONING – the
process of which specific statements are
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle

Considered as the BIG THREE IN WESTERN PHILOSOPHY or

the GREEK TRIUMVIRATE
 Thales of Miletus
Considered as the “Father of
Western Philosophy.”
Thales was concerned with studying
the natural world, and he is one of
the first known philosophers to look
for natural explanations for events,
rather than supernatural causes (ex.
the gods).
Eastern Philosophers
 Confucius
He promoted ancestor worship, strong filial
bonds, and considerate living.

Many of the parables and maxims shared in

Confucius’ writings espouse humanistic
ideologies, placing the well-being of all over the
needs of the few.
 Lao Tzu
The founder of Taoism outlined all the tenets of
his globally beloved philosophy in the Tao Te
Ching .

He touts the concept of the Tao, an invisible

structure which drives all things, and believes
enlightenment comes from attaining oneness
with the surrounding universe.
 Siddhartha Gautama

He founded Buddhism. Also known as Buddha.

He expressed his philosophy when he said:

"I teach only two things, O disciples, the nature

of suffering and the cessation of suffering." The
Buddha taught the famous "Four Noble Truths"
and "Eightfold Path," which allows people to
achieve enlightenment.
Some Modern Philosophers
 Rene Descartes

considered the father of modern philosophy.

He was the first major figure in the philosophical

movement known as RATIONALISM, a method of
understanding the world based on the use of reason as
the means to attain knowledge.
 Immanuel Kant

Kant's theory is an example of a deontological

moral theory–according to these theories, the
rightness or wrongness of actions does not depend
on their consequences but on whether they fulfill our
duty.

Kant believed that there was a supreme principle of

morality, and he referred to it as The Categorical
Imperative.
 Gabriel Marcel

French philosopher, dramatist, and critic who was

associated with the phenomenological and
existentialist movements in 20th-century
European philosophy and whose work and style are
often characterized as theistic or Christian
existentialism (a term Marcel disliked, preferring the
more neutral description “neo-Socratic” because it
captures the dialogical, probing, and sometimes
inchoate nature of his reflections).
 What is the difference of Western and Eastern
Philosophy?
Western Philosophy Eastern Philosophy
tends to focus on the parts tends to focus to look at an
in an idea idea as a whole.
focuses on the finding the focuses on the similarities
differences in ideas in ideas
 Why is there a need for man to
philosophize?
PLATO traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of
wonder.
RENE DESCARTES traced the need to philosophize to
doubt.
KARL JASPERS saw the need to philosophize because of
experience.
Branches of Philosophy
1. AESTHETICS
the study of value in the arts--the study of the beauty, sublimity, and
principles of taste, harmony, order, and pattern.
2. ETHICS or MORAL
It is the branch which deals with moral questions and dilemmas.
A branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior"
NOTE: AXIOLOGY a branch of philosophy that considers the
study of priciples and values. These values are divided in
two main kinds : Aesthetic and Ethics
3. EPISTEMOLOGY
It discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing. It is the
investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.
4. METAPHYSICS
The branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being
and the world.
Deals with the so-called first principles of the natural order or the
ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect.
5. LOGIC
The study of the methods and principles used in distinguishing correct
from incorrect reasoning.
 Practical Uses of Philosophy in Our
Lives:
1. Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical analysis and
interpretation of concepts, definitions, arguments, and problems.
2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving and decision making.
3. A philosopher is a good communicator who can clearly and adequately
present his or her ideas.
4. Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing that refers to a
person’s ability to apply knowledge to daily life particularly in making
sound choices and judgment.
COMPLETE YOUR KWL CHART

On your notebook write a reflection by

completing the sentence below.

I realize that _____________________.

I understand that _________________.
Activities will be on google form format.
To be posted on your Google Classroom.
Assignment: Essay (will be posted in google forms)
Describe a situation in your life when you were able to engage in philosophy. Then answer
these questions:

1. What circumstances or dilemma brought about your need to philosophize?

2. How did philosophy help you address your situation?

Rubrics:
Requirements for the activity.

1. Minimum 200 words.

2. Deadline of submission will be on Saturday 5:00 PM.

“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know
nothing.”
-SOCRATES
Supplemental information
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRG-rV8hhpU