Scribd
Upload
118 views24 pages

EECE-269 FINAL-Lec Alternator

The document describes the working principle of an alternator, including that it uses electromagnetic induction to generate alternating current, with a stationary armature winding and a rotating field winding powered by direct current. It also covers factors that affect the induced voltage in an alternator such as winding configuration, speed of rotation, and number of magnetic poles. The document provides equations for calculating the induced voltage in an alternator based on these factors.

Uploaded by

sayedul abrar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
118 views24 pages

EECE-269 FINAL-Lec Alternator

The document describes the working principle of an alternator, including that it uses electromagnetic induction to generate alternating current, with a stationary armature winding and a rotating field winding powered by direct current. It also covers factors that affect the induced voltage in an alternator such as winding configuration, speed of rotation, and number of magnetic poles. The document provides equations for calculating the induced voltage in an alternator based on these factors.

Uploaded by

sayedul abrar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Alternator

EECE 269
Working Principle
 Operates on principle of electromagnetic induction
 has armature winding and field winding
 armature winding is mounted on a stationary element called
stator. A 3-phase winding is placed in the slots of stator
 field windings is placed on a rotating element called rotor.
Rotor is like a flywheel having alternate N and S poles fixed
to its outer rim
 Rotor winding (magnatic poles) are energized from a dc
source through two slip rings
 In most cases, a dc shunt generator mounted on the shaft of
the alternator supply dc current----Self exited
Working Principle
 when rotor is rotated in anti-clockwise direction by a prime
mover, armature conductors (stator) are cut by the magnetic
flux( Φ) of rotor poles
 consequently, an alternating emf ) is induced in the armature
conductors due to electromagnetic induction
 whose frequency depends on the number of N and S poles
moving past a conductor in one second
 whose direction is given by Fleming’s Right-hand rule
 hence, current in armature conductors first flows in one
direction and then in the other.
Advantages of stationary armature
 It is easier to insulate stationary armature winding for
high voltages for which the alternators are usually
designed
 Stationary 3-phase armature can directly be connected to
the load
 Only two slip rings are required for dc supply to the field
winding on the rotor
 Due to simple and robust construction of the rotor,
higher speed of rotating dc field is possible

 Alternators above 5 kVA, employ a stationary


armature (or stator) and a revolving dc field
Speed and Frequency
Let
P = total number of magnetic poles
N = rotating speed of the rotor in r.p.m.
f = frequency of generated e.m.f. in Hz.
one cycle of emf is produced when a pair of poles passes past a
conductor
number of cycles of emf produced in one revolution is equal to
the number of pair of poles
No. of cycles/revolution = P/2 and
No. of revolutions/second = N/60
No. of cycle/second = (P/2) (N/60)
Winding Factors
•  armature windings of an alternator are distributed over the
entire armature
 coils of armature winding are not full-pitched i.e. two
sides of a coil are not at corresponding points under
adjacent poles
 These distribution and pitching of the coils affect the
voltages induced in the coils

 Two winding factors: Distribution factor () and Pitch


factor ()
 
Distribution factor () /Breadth factor

•  Winding with only one slot per pole per phase is


called a concentrated winding
 In a distributed winding, coils/ phase are distributed
over several slots in space

= emf with distributed winding/ emf with


concentrated winding
 
Pitch factor )/Chord factor ()
•  A coil whose sides are separated by one pole pitch ( i.e. one
coil span) is called a full pitch coil
 emf induce in a short-pitch coil is less than that of a full
pitch coil
 The factor by which emf per coil is reduced is called pitch
factor
 = emf induced in short-pitch coil/ emf induced in full-
pitch coil
Equation of Induced E.M.F
Equation of Induced E.M.F
• In one revolution of the rotor (i.e. in 60./N second) each
stator conductor is cut by a flux of ΦP webers
Equation of Induced E.M.F
If there are Z conductors in series/phase, then
 Average e.m.f./phase = 2f ΦZ volt = 4 f ΦT volt
 R.M.S. value of e.m.f./phase = 1.11 × 2f ΦZ=2.22 f ΦZ volt
 R.M.S. value of e.m.f./phase =1.11 × 4f ΦT = 4.44f ΦT volt*

This would have been the actual value of the induced voltage if all
the coils in a phase were (i) full-pitched and (ii) concentrated or
bunched in one slot (instead of being distributed in several slots
under poles)
 But this not being so, the actually available voltage is reduced in the
ratio of these two factors
Voltage Regulation
•  The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change
in terminal voltage from No-load to full-load (speed and field
excitation being constant) divided by full-load voltage
 % Voltage regulation = (No load voltage – full load voltage) x100
full load voltage
-V) x100
V
 Factors affecting the voltage regulation of an alternator are:
 drop in armature winding
 drop in armature winding
 Voltage change due to armature reaction
Parallel operation of alternators
 operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with
another alternator or with common bus-bars is known as
synchronizing
 large number of 3- phase alternators are used in a power
system where they are in parallel with many other
alternators
 alternator is connected to a live system of constant voltage
and constant frequency
 Power stations are interconnected through the national grid.
For example, the total capacity of the interconnected system
may be over 40,000 MW while the capacity of the biggest
single alternator may be 500 MW
Conditions for paralleling alternator

 For proper synchronization of alternators, the following


three conditions must be satisfied
terminal voltage (effective) of the incoming alternator
must be the same as bus-bar voltage
speed of the incoming machine must be such that its
frequency (f= PN/120) equals bus-bar frequency
phase of the alternator voltage must be identical with
the phase of the bus-bar voltage
Advantages of parallel operation

 Continuity of service
 Efficiency
 Maintenance and repair
 Load growth
Examples
Example 37.2. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slots, 4-
pole, single-layer three-phase winding.

Example 37.6. A 3-phase, 16-pole alternator has a star-connected


winding with 144 slots and 10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole
is 0.03 Wb, Sinusoidally distributed and the speed is 375 r.p.m.
Find the frequency and the phase and line e.m.f. Assume full-
pitched coil.

Example 37.7. Find the no-load phase and line voltage of a star-
connected 3-phase, 6-pole alternator which runs at 1200 rpm,
having flux per pole of 0.1 Wb sinusoidally distributed. Its stator
has 54 slots having double layer winding. Each coil has 8 turns and
the coil is chorded by 1 slot.
Examples
•Example
  37.8. The stator of a 3-phase, 16-pole alternator has 144
slots and there are 4 conductors per slot connected in two layers and
the conductors of each phase are connected in series. If the speed of
the alternator is 375 r.p.m., calculate the e.m.f. inducted per phase.
Resultant flux in the air-gap is webers per pole sinusoidally
distributed. Assume the coil span as electrical.

Example 37.10. A 4-pole, 3-phase, 50-Hz, star-connected alternator


has 60 slots, with 4 conductors per slot. Coils are short-pitched by 3
slots. If the phase spread is , find the line voltage induced for a
flux per pole of 0.943 Wb distributed sinusoidally in space. All the
turns per phase are in series.

You might also like