Module No:03

DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
 1.Introduction
2. Factors affecting durability
3.Introduction
Codal provisions
4. Chemical Action on Concrete
5. Permeability and durability
6. Construction considerations
7. Environmental effects on concrete
8. Carbonation
9. Corrosion of Steel
10. Effect of some materials on durability
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

1. Introduction: For a long time, concrete was

considered to be very durable material
requiring little or no maintenance. Emphasis
was mostly on compressive strength of
concrete. However many structures world
over have shown deterioration during the
last 60-70 years. Lot of studies have been
carried out. Exposure conditions also have
been found to play a vital role on the
durability of concrete. Accordingly IS 456:
2000 has been amended. It has been
amended further based on experience in
other countries
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

One of the main reasons for deterioration of

concrete, is the component materials used in
the manufacture of concrete, method of
manufacture, placing, compacting, and
curing, environmental conditions, loading
patterns, various pollutants like carbon
dioxide, chemicals that have pervaded the
environment. Soils and subsoil water in
certain locations in India have deleterious
chemicals and salts which will affect the
durability of concrete.
FACTORS AFFECTING DURABILITY
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Durability: As per IS 456: 2000, durable

concrete is one that performs satisfactorily
in the working environment during the
anticipated exposure conditions and during
its service life. It is the ability to resist
weathering action, chemical attack,
abrasion, or any other process of
deterioration which will alter the original
form and quality. The materials and mix
proportions specified and used should be
such as to maintain its integrity and, if
applicable, to protect embedded metal from
corrosion.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Durability: As per IS 456: 2000, durable

concrete is one that performs satisfactorily
in the working environment during the
anticipated exposure conditions and during
its service life. It is the ability to resist
weathering action, chemical attack,
abrasion, or any other process of
deterioration which will alter the original
form and quality. The materials and mix
proportions specified and used should be
such as to maintain its integrity and, if
applicable, to protect embedded metal from
corrosion.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures
Durability: Durability to a great extent is
influenced by its permeability to ingress
of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
chloride, sulphate and other potentially
deleterious substances. Impermeability
is greatly governed by the constituents,
workmanship in making concrete.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Factors influencing durability:

• The environment (Rain, heat, cold, fire,

snow)
• The cover to the embedded steel
• The type and quality of constituent
materials
• The cement content and water/cement ratio
of the concrete
• Workmanship, to obtain full compaction and
efficient curing
• The shape and size of the members
 Causes for Corrosion of Reinforcement

Types of durability conditions:

External
Physical Chemical
Freezing & Thawing Alkali aggregate reaction
Percolation & Permeability Sulphate attack
Temperature stresses (High heat Chloride ingress
of hydration)
Delayed ettringite formation
(DCF)
Corrosion of reinforcement
Causes:
Extreme weather conditions, Extreme temperatures, Extreme
humidity, Abrasion, Electrolytic action, Attack by natural or industrial
liquids/gases
 Causes for Corrosion of Reinforcement

Types of durability conditions:

Internal
Physical Chemical
Volume changes due to different Alkali silica reaction
thermal properties of aggregates,
and cement paste
Frost action Alkali silicate reaction
Alkali carbonate reaction
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures
Sl.No. Environment Exposure condition
1 Mild Concrete surfaces protected against weather or
aggressive conditions except those situated in
coastal areas

2 Moderate Concrete surfaces sheltered from severe rain or

freezing whilst wet
Concrete exposed to condensation and rain
Concrete continuously under water
Concrete in contact or buried under non
aggressive soil/ground water
Concrete surfaces sheltered from saturated salt
air in coastal areas
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Environmental conditions:
Sl. Environme Exposure condition
No. nt
3 severe  Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain,
alternate wetting and drying or occasional
freezing whilst wet or severe
condensation
Concrete completely immersed in sea
water
Concrete exposed to coastal environment
4 Very severe  Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water
spray corrosive fumes or severe freezing
conditions whilst wet
Concrete in contact with or buried under
aggressive sub-soil/ground water
5 Extreme Surface of members in tidal zone
 Members in direct contact with liquid/
solid aggressive chemicals
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Shape and size of members:

1. Shape or design details shall be such that
proper drainage is provided/avoid standing
pool of water, junctions of members
properly designed
2. Minimize cracks that will transmit water
3. Proper compaction and curing
4. Concrete is prone to deterioration due to
climatic and chemical attack when the
sections of members are thin
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Shape and size of members:

5. Deterioration in sections under hydrostatic
pressure from one side, in partially
immersed sections, at corners and edges of
elements
6. Life of structure can be lengthened by
providing extra cover to steel, by chamfering
corners, using circular cross sections or by
surface coatings which prevent or reduce
ingress of water, carbon dioxide, or
aggressive chemicals
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures
Stiffness factors: Span to effective depth ratios
up to 10m

 Cantilever beams 7
 Simply supported beams 20
 Continuous beams 26

For spans above 10m, the ratios above shall

be multiplied by 10/ span in meters
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Strength of concrete:
Strength: It is defined as the ability to
withstand stress without failure. Some of the
main parameters are:
 Water cement ratio
 Cement type
 Aggregate grading, shape, surface texture
 Proportions of materials
 Porosity and air entrainment
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Strength of concrete:
 Mixing water
 Admixtures
 Curing conditions
 Humidity, temperature
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Strength of concrete: M 25 grade

Permissible stresses:
 Compressive stress 6.0 N/mm²
(Direct)

 Compressive
Tensile stress stress in
3.2bending
N/mm²8.5 N/mm²
 Flexural stress 3.5 N/mm²
 Shear stress 0.5 N/mm²
 Bond stress 0.9 N/mm²
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Strength of concrete: Design bond stress

Grade of concrete Bond stress
N/mm2
M 20 1.2
M 25 1.4
M 30 1.5
M 35 1.7
M 40 and above 1.9
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Acceptance criteria: Standard deviation

M 10 3.5 N/mm2
M 15 3.5 -do-
M 20 4.0 -do-
M 25 4.0 -do-
M 30 5.0 -do-
M 35 5.0 -do-
M 40 5.0 -do-
M 45 5.0 -do-
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Acceptance criteria: Standard deviation

M 50 5.0 N/mm2
M 55 5.0 -do-
M 60 5.0 -do-
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Acceptance criteria: Standard deviation

Compressive strength – Four consecutive test
results shall comply with appropriate limit
Characteristic strength compliance:
M 15 ≥ fck + 0.825 x SD (Rounded of to
nearest 0.5 N/mm2) or Fck + 3 whichever is
greater
M 20 or above fck + 0.825 x SD or fck + 4
N/mm2 whichever is greater
Individual specimen ≥ fck N/mm2
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Strength of concrete: Main constituents of cement

Name of Formula Percent Action
compound age
Tricalciu C3S 54% Early strength
m silicate
Dicalcium C2S 16% Slow strength
silicate
Tricalciu C3A 10% Flash set
m
aluminate
Tetra calcium C4AF 9% Resistance to
aluminoferrite sulfate
attack
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Hydration due to addition of water:

C3S produces more heat, early strength and
more calcium hydroxide
C2S hydrates slowly produces less heat and
later strength and better product
Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 (20 – 25% of the
volume) is also produced in the process of
hydration which is unstable, undesirable and
responsible for deterioration of concrete
MICRO SILICA
CODAL PROVISIONS
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Standard codes on construction practices:

SP 62 (S&T) : 1997
 CPWD Standard Specifications
 IS 456: 2000
 NBC 2005
 Causes for Corrosion of Reinforcement

Minimum cement content, max. w/c for RCC

Exposure Min. Max. w/c Min. grade
Cement of
content kg concrete
Mild 300 0.55 M20
Moderate 300 0.50 M25
Severe 320 0.45 M30
Very severe 340 0.45 M35
Extreme 360 0.40 M40
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Types of cement in common use:

 OPC IS 269 1989
 PPC IS 1489 1991
 Sulphate resisting cement IS 12330 1988
 Rapid hardening cement IS 8041 1990
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Admixtures: IS 9103: 1999

 Accelerating admixtures: Added to hasten
the early strength development to facilitate
early removal of formwork
 Retarding admixtures: To slow down setting
of cement
 Water retarding or plasticizers: To improve
workability for a given W/C ratio. When used
in sufficient quantity act as set retarders.
 Admixtures should not impair durability of
concrete nor combine with the constituents
to form harmful compounds
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Admixtures: IS 9103: 1999

 Air-entraining admixtures: (0.1 to 0.3% by
weight of cement) These are used to entrain
a controlled quantity of air in concrete
without altering the setting or hardening of
concrete. Their use improves durability,
water tightness and workability. 2-3% air
entrainment for normal concrete and 4% for
combating freezing and thawing is advised.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Slump:
Placing conditions Degree of Slump
workability (mm)
Blinding concrete, Shallow Very low Compacti
sections, pavements ng factor
(Slump not appropriate) 0.75-
0.80
Mass concrete, lightly Low 25-75
reinforced sections in slabs,
beams, columns, floors
Heavily reinforces sections Medium 50-100
in slabs, beams, columns
Slipform work, pumped Medium 75-100
concrete
CHEMICAL ACTION ON CONCRETE
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Requirement for concrete exposed to sulphate attack:

Class Concentrati Min. Max. Type of cement

on of cement
sulphate as W/C
SO3 content
Kg ratio
1 <0.2% 280 0.55 OPC,PPC,PSC
2 0.2-0.5% 330 0.50 OPC,PPC,PSC
3 0.5-1.0 330 0.5 SSC,PPC,PSC
4 1.0-2.0 370 0.45 SSC, SRPC
5 >2.0 400 0.4
SRPC,SSC with
protective coating
PPC-Portland pozzolana cement, SSC-Super sulphated cement,
PSC- Portland slag cement, SRPC- Sulphate resisting Portland
cement
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Chloride content:
Sl. Type of use of concrete Max.Chloride
No. Kg/Cum
1 Concrete containing 0.4
metal, Steam Cured PSC
2 RCC or PCC with 0.6
embedded metal
3 Concrete not containing 3.0
embedded metal or
any material requiring
protection from chloride
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Water used in Concrete:

Permissible limit
as per IS: 456
Organic 200mg/l
Inorganic 3000mg/l
Sulphates 400mg/l
Chlorides (PCC) 2000mg/l
-d0- 500mg/l
(RCC)
Suspended 2000mg/l
Matter
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Concrete in aggressive soils and water:

•The destructive action of aggressive waters is

progressive. The rate of deterioration
decreases as the concrete is made stronger
and impermeable, and increases as the salt
content of the water increases. Where
structures are partially immersed or are in
contact with aggressive soils or water on one
side only, evaporation may cause serious
concentrations of salts with subsequent
deterioration.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Sulphate attack: Most soils contain some sulphate

in the form of calcium, sodium, potassium, and
magnesium. They occur in the soil and ground
water. Solubility of calcium sulphate is low. Solid
sulphates do not attack concrete severely but when
the chemicals are in solution, they find entry into
porous concrete and react with hydrated cement
products. Of all sulphates magnesium sulphate
causes maximum damage. A characteristic whitish
appearance is the indication of suphate attack.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Magnesium sulphate reacts not only with

calcium hydroxide and hydrated calcium
aluminates but also decomposes the
hydrated calcium silicates completely. As a
result the hardened volume can go up to up
to 227% and gradual disintegration of
concrete takes place.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Methods of Controlling Sulphate attack:

 Use of suphate resisting cement with low
C3A content of 5%
 Quality concrete
 Use of air-entrainment of about 6%
 Use pozzolana
 High pressure steam curing
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Chloride attack: Due to high alkalinity in

concrete a protective layer is created which
will protect reinforcement. This protective
layer is lost due to carbonation as also due
to presence of chloride in the presence of
water and oxygen. While sulphates attack
concrete chlorides attack reinforcement.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Concrete in aggressive soils and water:

•The destructive action of aggressive waters is

progressive. The rate of deterioration
decreases as the concrete is made stronger
and impermeable, and increases as the salt
content of the water increases. Where
structures are partially immersed or are in
contact with aggressive soils or water on one
side only, evaporation may cause serious
concentrations of salts with subsequent
deterioration.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Sample of water collected in 22 km stretch between Palla-

Okhla, Delhi due to pollutants discharged from sewage and
Industrial wastes from River Yamuna
Pollutant Result Max.
Mg/L permissible
Mg/L
Nitrate 174 400
Sulphate 680 400
Fluoride 3.10 1.50
Mercury 4.60 1.00
Arsenic 69.50 50.00
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Sample of ground water collected in Rohatak

& Jhajjar Districts, Haryana

Pollutant Result Max.

permissible as
per IS 456
Chloride 1.29% 0.05%
Sulphate 0.49% 0.20-0.50%
Class.2
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Alkali aggregate reaction:

Some aggregates containing particular
varieties of silica may be susceptible to
attack by alkalis (Na2O and K2O) originating
from cement or other sources, producing an
expansive reaction which can cause network
of cracks and disruption of concrete by
spalling. Damage to concrete will normally
occur when the following are present:
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Alkali aggregate reaction:

i) A high moisture level within concrete
ii) A cement with high alkali content
iii)Aggregate containing an alkali reactive
constituent
EFFECTS OF ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
EFFECTS OF ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
Cracks through chert aggregate due to aggregate
silica Reaction
AGGREGATE SILICA REACTION
 DelayedDurability
ettringrite formation(DCF): The
of Concrete and Concrete Structures
ettringite (Calcium alumino sulphate) normally
forms during hydration. However when
concrete is cured at high temperature

>70°C as in steam curing, mass concreting in

dams, the hydration process is decomposed
then subsequently reformed in the hardened
concrete. Damage occurs when ettringite
crystals exert an expansive force within the
concrete as they grow.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

The ettringite is destroyed when

 High temperature during curing > 65-70°C
 Water intermittent or permanent saturation
 Commonly associated with alkali silica
reaction
DEF expansion has been shown to correlate
positively with cement related factors
including:
a) High sulphate b) High alkali c) High MgO
d) Cement fineness e) High C3A f) High C3S
Fig. 2. Ettringite (white, needle-like crystals) are commonly
found in samples taken from concrete in service, especially in
concrete from moist environments. Secondary ettringite is not
detrimental to concrete performance. [Concrete in photo
exposed to phenolphthalein stain to highlight features.]
Fig. 3. This is a photomicrograph of a mortar sample that had
been stored in water for six years at 20 °C. To simulate an over
sulfated system, part of the sand was replaced by gypsum, and
thus significant expansions occurred. Note that the gaps around
the sand grains in the mortar are similar in appearance to those
observed for delayed ettringite formation.
PERMEABILITY AND DURABILITY
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Permeability: The cement paste consists of C-

S-H (Calcium silicate hydrate) gel, Ca(OH)2
(Calcium hydroxide) and water filled or
empty capillary cavities. The permeability of
gel pores is estimated to be about 7x10-16
m/s. i.e. approximately 1/100 of cement
paste. The coefficient of permeability
increases more than 100 times from w/c
ratio 0.4 to 0.7. Unduly large cavities
resulting from higher w/c ratio of 0.7 will not
get filled up by hydration and results in
higher permeability.
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Production and control of concrete: Batching:

Cement, aggregates shall be determined by

mass. Grading of aggregate shall be
controlled by obtaining coarse aggregate in
different sizes and blending them in right
proportions. Water cement ratio shall be
maintained at the correct value. The
moisture content in the coarse and fine
aggregates shall be frequently checked and
necessary adjustments made for water to be
added.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Mixing: Concrete shall be mixed in a

mechanical mixer. Mixing time may be taken
as 1 ½ to 2 minutes. Dry coarse aggregates
shall be first placed followed by measured
quantity of fine aggregates and then
cement. The dry material shall be mixed at
least for four turns of the drum, after which
correct quantity of water shall be added.
Total quantity of water shall be added before
25% of mixing time has elapsed.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Placing: Concrete shall be placed as nearly

practicable in its final position to avoid
rehandling. Concrete shall be compacted
before setting commences. Care shall be
taken to avoid segregation. Concreting shall
not be done when the temperature falls
below 4.5°C. Concrete placed shall be
covered against frost. During hot weather,
precautions shall be taken to see that
temperature of wet concrete does not
exceed 38°C.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Compaction: Mechanical vibrators shall be

employed for compacting concrete. Over
vibration of very wet mixes is harmful and
should be avoided. Under vibration is
harmful. The vibrator should penetrate to
the bottom of the layer and at least 15 cm
into the preceding layer. It should be held
(generally 5 to 15 s) until the compaction is
considered adequate.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Compaction, Finishing and Curing:

1. Adequate compaction without segregation
to be ensured
2. Appropriate placing and compacting
equipment and procedures
3. Full compaction in the vicinity of
construction and expansion joints,
embedded water bars and reinforcement
4. Good finishing practices without addition of
cement and water
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Compaction, Finishing and Curing:

5. Proper and adequate curing techniques to
reduce permeability and enhance durability
particularly in surface zone
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Concreting in sea water:

 Concrete directly exposed along the sea
coast shall be M 20 grade in case of plain
concrete and M 30 in case of RCC
 Design mix to obtain densest possible
concrete
 Slag, broken brick, soft lime stone or other
porous or weak stone shall not be used
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Concreting in sea water:

 As far as possible preference shall be given
to pre-cast members unreinforced, well
cured and hardened, without sharp corners,
trowel finished surfaces free from crazing,
cracks or other defects. Plastering shall be
avoided
 No construction joints shall be allowed
within 60mm below low water level or
600mm of upper/lower planes of
wave action
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Construction joints: Concreting shall be carried out

continuously up to the construction joints, the
position and arrangement shall be as indicated by
the designer.
Curing: After the concrete has begun to harden,
i.e. 1 to 2 hrs. after laying of concrete, curing shall
be started. Exposed surfaces shall be continuously
be kept in a damp or wet condition with layer of
sacks, canvas, hessian or similar material and kept
continuously wet at least for seven days
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Joints in Concrete:
 Construction joints: joints must be so placed that
the concrete is less vulnerable to maximum
bending moment and shear force. The joint may be
made at extreme position of middle third.
 Expansion joints: A long building longer than 45 M
will undergo expansion of 2.5 Cm. position of
expansion joints shall be decided taking into
consideration temperature, exposure to weather
and season of laying of concrete.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Joints in Concrete:
 Contraction joints: Concrete undergoes plastic
shrinkage and drying shrinkage as a result of which
concrete shrinks. When shrinkage is restrained,
stresses are developed which result in the
formation of cracks. To avoid these cracks,
contraction joints are provided normally at
intervals of 5 – 10 metres. Contraction joints are
also called dummy joints. Contraction joints are not
necessary if sufficient reinforcement is provided.
Contraction joints are generally provided in
unreinforced floors and pavements.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON
CONCRTE
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

In Mumbai – Pune highway 100m long low

tent erected on wheels to break the wind
and also to protect green concrete from hot
sun. In addition curing compound is sprayed
immediately after finishing operation. Once
the shrinkage cracks are formed in roof and
floor slabs it is difficult to repair.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Impact of w/c ratio on durability: Higher w/c ratio-

permeability-volume change-cracks-disintegration-
failure are a sequential process. For durable
concrete low w/c ratio is a fundamental
requirement. Low water cement ratio concrete is
less sensitive to carbonation and thus protects
reinforcement from corrosion. If for any reasons,
structural or environmental, concrete gets cracked,
the unhydrated cement particles gets hydrated as
soon as moisture or water penetrates through
cracks.
Thermal expansion and shrinkage:
Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Due to diurnal variation of

temperature tensile strain can
occur in concrete. For a
temperature variation of 20°C,
the tensile stress can be of the
3.5 N/mm² for M 25 concrete.
order of 5N/mm² where as This will
cause micro cracks in concrete.
allowable tensile stress in
concrete is only
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Shrinkage: Total shrinkage depends upon the

constituents of concrete, size of member,
and environmental conditions. For a given
temperature and humidity, total shrinkage is
influenced by amount of water present in
concrete at the time of mixing, and to a
lesser extent on cement content. The
approximate value of total shrinkage strain
may be taken as 0.0003 i.e. for 3m length it
will be about 0.9mm.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Thermal Expansion: The coefficient of thermal

expansion depends on nature of cement,
aggregates, the cement content, relative
humidity and the size of section. For different
types of aggregates it may be taken as:
CURING
 Important Aspects of Construction

Curing:
 Curing is the process of preventing loss of
moisture from the concrete whilst maintaining
a satisfactory temperature regime.
 Curing regime should prevent development of
high temperature gradients. Supersulphated
cement concrete is seriously affected by
inadequate curing.
 Important Aspects of Construction

Curing:
 Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be
continuously kept in damp or wet condition by
ponding or wet Hessian cloth for at least 7
days from date of placing concrete in case OPC
and at least 10 days where mineral
admixtures or blended cements are used. For
concrete containing PPC, PSC or mineral
admixture, period of curing may be increased.
 Important Aspects of Construction

Hydration process:
Immediately on adding water, some of the
clinker sulphates and gypsum dissolve
producing an alkali sulphate solution.
Stage I: C3A reacts with water to form an
aluminate rich gel. This gel reacts with
sulphate in solution to form small rod like
crystals of ettringite. (Few minutes)
Stage II: Relatively low heat generated.
(Dormant period)
 Important Aspects of Construction

Stage III: Period of maximum heat evolution

occurs typically about 10-20 hours after
mixing till about a month and there after
tapers off.
CARBONATION IN CONCRETE
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Carbonation: It is a process by which carbon

dioxide from air penetrates into concrete
and reacts with calcium hydroxide to form
carbonates. This will result in small shrinkage
of concrete. In the presence of moisture,
CO2 changes into carbonic acid which attacks
concrete and also reduces alkalinity of
concrete. The pH value of pore water in
concrete is generally between 12.5 to 13.5.
The pH value will get reduced to around 9
when Ca(OH)2 has become carbonated.
Note: For main reinforcement up to 12mm for mild exposure
conditions, cover may be reduced by 5mm.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Cover for fire resistance:

Hr Beams Beams Slabs Slabs Columns
S simply continu simply continuous mm
support ous supported mm
ed mm mm
mm

0.5 20 20 20 20 40
1.0 20 20 20 20 40
1.5 20 20 25 20 40
2.0 40 30 35 25 40
3.0 60 40 45 35 40
4.0 70 50 55 45 40
 The structure should be tested to 1.25 times
imposedDurability
load offor 24andhours.
Concrete If the structure
Concrete Structures

does not recover 75% of deflection, test should

be repeated after 24 hours. If the recovery is <
80%, the structure shall be deemed to be
accepted.

Maximum deflection in = 40 L2/D (Overall

depth), L- Effective span
If the deflection is less during 24 hrs.,
recovery need not be measured.
CORROSION OF STEEL
REINFORCEMENT
 Causes for Corrosion of Reinforcement

The corrosion of steel in the presence of oxygen but

without chlorides, takes place in several steps.
1. At the anode iron is oxidized to the ferrous state
and releases electrons.
2. The electrons migrate to the cathode where they
continue with water and oxygen to form hydroxyl
ions.
3. The hydroxyl ions combine with the ferrous ions to
form ferrous hydroxide
4. In the presence of water oxygen the ferrous
hydroxide is further oxidized to form Fe2O3
 Causes for Corrosion of Reinforcement

The corrosion of steel in concrete in the presence of

chlorides, but with no oxygen (at the anode) takes
place in several steps.
1. At the anode, iron reacts with chloride ions to form
an intermediate soluble iron-chloride complex.
2. When the iron-chloride complex diffuses away
from the bar to an area with higher pH and
concentration of oxygen, it reacts with hydroxyl
ions to form Fe(OH2). The complex reacts with
water form ferrous hydroxide.
 Causes for Corrosion of Reinforcement

The corrosion of steel in concrete in the presence of

chlorides, but with no oxygen (at the anode) takes
place in several steps.
3. The hydrogen ions then combine with electrons to
form hydrogen
4. As in the case of corrosion of steel without
chlorides, the ferrous hydroxide, in the presence of
water and oxygen, is further oxidized to form Fe2O3
(Rust)
through electrolyte and combine with the ferrous ions to form ferric hydroxide
which is converted by further oxidation to rust.
PROCESS OF CORROSION OF STEEL
EFFECT OF SOME MATERIALS ON
CONCRETE
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Effects of some materials on concrete:

1. Mineral oils – Petrol do not attack hardened
concrete. Creosotes have some affect on
concrete. Lubricating oils do not attack
concrete.
2. Organic Acids – Acetic acid, formic acid,
tannic acid and phenols are mildly corrosive.
Fresh milk does not harm concrete
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Effects of some materials on concrete:

3. Vegetable oils - have slow corrosive effect. Animal
oils are corrosive.
4. Sugar – It may gradually corrode concrete.
However storage of molasses has been done with
satisfactory results
5. Sewage – Domestic sewage is not detrimental on
good concrete. Septic sewage in sewage sludge
digestion tanks/ industrial wastes may promote
formation of sulphuric acid which can attack
concrete.
 Durability of Concrete and Concrete Structures

Surface treatment to concrete:

 Aqueous solution of sodium silicate
 Magnesium or zinc silico fluoride
 Drying oils like linseed oil or tung oil
 Chlorinated rubber paint
 Neoprene paint
 Epoxy paint or coal tar epoxy paint
 Silicon fluoride treatment
Thank You