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Integration: Instructor: Ines Khemir

This document covers key concepts in calculus including: 1) It introduces integrals as the inverse operation of derivatives and discusses how integrals can be used to calculate areas, volumes, and other quantities. 2) It discusses antiderivatives and indefinite integrals, and how taking the antiderivative of a function leads to a family of functions rather than a unique function. 3) It covers integration techniques like substitution and integration by parts as methods to evaluate indefinite integrals of certain functions. 4) It introduces the definite integral and discusses how it can be used to compute areas under curves, probabilities, and other quantified values over a interval.

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Ahmed Dammak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
60 views

Integration: Instructor: Ines Khemir

This document covers key concepts in calculus including: 1) It introduces integrals as the inverse operation of derivatives and discusses how integrals can be used to calculate areas, volumes, and other quantities. 2) It discusses antiderivatives and indefinite integrals, and how taking the antiderivative of a function leads to a family of functions rather than a unique function. 3) It covers integration techniques like substitution and integration by parts as methods to evaluate indefinite integrals of certain functions. 4) It introduces the definite integral and discusses how it can be used to compute areas under curves, probabilities, and other quantified values over a interval.

Uploaded by

Ahmed Dammak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 57

Chapter 4

Integration

Instructor: Ines Khemir


Section I
ANTIDERIVATIVES AND
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

1-2
Introduction

• In the preceding three chapters, we studied the


derivative and its applications. In chapter 4, we
introduce the integral, the second key concept of
calculus.The integral can be used to calculate areas,
volumes, the index of income concentration, and
consumers surplus. At first glance, the integral may
appear to be unrelated to the derivative. There is,
however, a close connection between these two
concepts, which is made precise by the fundamental
theorem of calculus.

1-3
Antiderivatives

1-4
Example
(A) Find all antiderivatives of f(x)=x
(B) Graph the antiderivative of that passes
through the point (0, 0); through the point
(0, 1); through the point (0, 2).
(C) How are the graphs of the three
antiderivatives in part (B) related?

1-5
Antidifferentiation of a given function does
not give a unique function, but an entire
family of functions.
Solution

1-7
1-8
Indefinite Integrals: Formulas and
Properties

1-9
1-10
Formulas 1, 2, and 3 do not provide a formula for the
indefinite integral of the function ln x. Show that if x>0 then

by differentiating the right-hand side


1-11
Example
In general, the indefinite integral of a product is not the
product of the indefinite integrals. (This is expected because
the derivative of a product is not the product of the derivatives.)

1-13
Example

1-14
Solution

1-15
Section II
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
We now consider indefinite integral formulas and
procedures based on the chain rule for
differentiation.
Reversing the Chain Rule
Recall the chain rule:

1-17
Example

1-18
1-19
Example

1-20
Integration by Substitution
We start by introducing the idea of the
differential

1-21
1-22
Example

1-23
Solution

1-24
The substitution method for evaluating certain indefinite
integrals is outlined as follows:

1-25
1-26
Example

1-27
1-28
Additional Substitution Techniques
Integrate.

1-29
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
• Every differentiation rule has
a corresponding integration rule.
For instance, the Substitution Rule for integration
corresponds to the Chain Rule for differentiation.
The rule that corresponds to the Product Rule for
differentiation is called the rule for integration by
parts.
The Product Rule states that, if f and g are differentiable
functions, then
d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g '( x)  g ( x) f '( x)
dx
 f ( x) g '( x) dx  f ( x) g ( x)   g ( x) f '( x) dx
 Find ∫ x sin x dx

 Suppose we choose f(x) = x and g’(x) = sin x.

 Then, f’(x) = 1 and g(x) = –cos x.

 For g, we can choose any antiderivative of g’.


 x sin x dx  f ( x ) g ( x )   g ( x ) f '( x ) dx

 x (  cos x )   (  cos x ) dx
  x cos x   cos x dx
  x cos x  sin x  C

1-32
• Evaluate ∫ ln x dx

Here, we don’t have much choice for u and dv.


Let

u  ln x dv  dx

Then,
 1
du  dx vx
x
• Integrating by parts, we get:

dx
 ln x dx  x ln x   x
x

 x ln x   dx
 x ln x  x  C
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

• Integration by parts is effective in


this example because the derivative of
the function f(x) = ln x is simpler than f.
•Find ∫ t2etdt
 Notice that t2 becomes simpler when differentiated.
 However, et is unchanged when differentiated
or integrated.
u t2
dv  e dt
t

du  2t dt ve t

 t e dt  t e  2 te dt
2 t 2 t t
INTEGRATION BY PARTS
• So, we choose
u t 2
dv  e dtt

• Then,
du  2t dt ve t

• Integration by parts gives:

 t e dt  t e  2  te dt
2 t 2 t t
Question 2 tutorial 4

1-39
Section 3
THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

1-40
• In this section, we introduce the definite
integral. The definite integral is used to
compute areas, probabilities, average values
of functions, future values of continuous
income streams, and many other quantities.
Initially, the concept of the definite integral
may seem unrelated to the notion of the
indefinite integral. There is, however, a close
connection between the two integrals
1-41
1-42
1-43
1-48
1-50
Area Between Curves
It can be shown that the preceding result does not require f (x)
or g(x) to remain positive over the interval [a, b]. A more
general result is stated in the following box:
1-57

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