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MODULE 5 Lesson1 - General Biology I

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20 views

MODULE 5 Lesson1 - General Biology I

Uploaded by

Alvin Pabores
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant,

animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope


and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You
conclude that the cells…
A.are plant cell
B.could be either plant or bacteria
C.are animal cells
D.could be plant, animal, or bacteria
E.are prokaryotic cell
Participant no. 456 in Squid Game licks the honeycomb and
manages to pull through the umbrella shape from its
attachment. This become possible because our saliva
composed of water and able to break single bonds composition
of sugar. What type of enzymes responsible for breaking the
honeycomb (sugar)?
A.Oxidoreductases
B.Transferases
C.Hydrolases
D.Lyases
E.Isomerases
The carrier protein can work on active or passive transport and
helps in the process of energy formation. What is the contribution
carrier protein in the energy formation?
A.Glucose molecule will enter on carrier protein
B.The carrier protein carried glucagon out of the cell
C.The carrier protein will act as receptor-mediated protein to carry
molecules from extracellular
D.The carrier protein serves as the portal of ATP in entering the
cell.
E.The carrier protein brings energy for sodium potassium pump to
occur.
When replication errors become mutations. Incorrectly paired
nucleotides that still remain following mismatch repair become
permanent mutations after the next cell division. In which of the
following life cycle phase this occur?
A.G1
B.S
C.G2
D.M
E.G0
Delayed onset muscle soreness is common after exercise and
usually means your muscles are getting stronger. What type
of muscular tissue responsible in this happening?
A.connective muscle tissue
B.skeletal muscle tissue
C.smooth muscle tissue
D.cardiac muscle tissue
F.epithelial muscle tissue
ATP Transformation
A cell does three main kinds of work:
• Chemical work, the pushing of endergonic reactions that
would not occur spontaneously, such as the synthesis of
polymers from monomers.
• Transport work, the pumping of substances across
membranes against the direction of spontaneous
movement.
• Mechanical work, such as the beating of cilia, the contraction
of muscle cells, and the movement of chromosomes during
cellular reproduction.
ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, and is the energy
used by an organism in its daily operations. It consists of an
adenosine molecule and three inorganic phosphates
ATP can be thought of as the main energy currency of cells,
much as money is the main economic
ff f
currency of human
societies. The energy released by hydrolysis (breakdown) of
ATP is used to power many energy-requiring cellular
reactions.
Structurally, ATP is an RNA nucleotide that bears a chain of
three phosphates. At the center of the molecule lies a five-
carbon sugar, ribose, which is attached to the nitrogenous
base adenine and to the chain of three phosphates.
The three phosphate groups, in order of closest to furthest
from the ribose sugar, are labeled alpha, beta, and gamma. ATP
is made unstable by the three adjacent negative charges in its
phosphate tail, which "want" very badly to get further away
from each other. The bonds between the phosphate groups
are called phosphoanhydride bonds, and you may hear them
referred to as “high-energy” bonds.
Why are the phosphoanhydride bonds considered high-
energy?
All this really means is that an appreciable amount of energy
is released when one of these bonds is broken in a hydrolysis
(water-mediated breakdown) reaction. ATP is hydrolyzed to
ADP in the following reaction:
Cellular
respiration

Cell works

ATP ADP Cycle


How is the energy released by ATP hydrolysis used to power
other reactions in a cell?
In most cases, cells use a strategy called reaction coupling, in
which an energetically favorable reaction (like ATP hydrolysis)
is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable
(endergonic) reaction. The linking often happens through a
shared intermediate, meaning that a product of one reaction is
“picked up” and used as a reactant in the second reaction.
How is the energy released by ATP hydrolysis used to power
other reactions in a cell?
In most cases, cells use a strategy called reaction coupling, in
which an energetically favorable reaction (like ATP hydrolysis)
is directly linked with an energetically unfavorable
(endergonic) reaction. The linking often happens through a
shared intermediate, meaning that a product of one reaction is
“picked up” and used as a reactant in the second reaction.

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