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Weld Metal Solidification-2-Microstructure Within Grains

The document discusses how the microstructure within weld grains can vary based on location within the weld and welding parameters. It notes that the solidification mode and dendrite/cell spacing can change from the fusion line to the centerline due to differences in cooling rate. Higher heat input results in lower cooling rates and coarser microstructures. Arc oscillation and pulsation can be used to refine dendrites by increasing cooling rates through disturbances to the weld pool flow.

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Oluchi Obiako
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606 views28 pages

Weld Metal Solidification-2-Microstructure Within Grains

The document discusses how the microstructure within weld grains can vary based on location within the weld and welding parameters. It notes that the solidification mode and dendrite/cell spacing can change from the fusion line to the centerline due to differences in cooling rate. Higher heat input results in lower cooling rates and coarser microstructures. Arc oscillation and pulsation can be used to refine dendrites by increasing cooling rates through disturbances to the weld pool flow.

Uploaded by

Oluchi Obiako
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Weld Metal Solidification II:

Microstructure within Grains


Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

SOLIDIFICATION MODES
As
constitutional
supercooling
increases, the
solidification
mode changes
from planar to
cellular and
from cellular
to dendritic
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

SOLIDIFICATION MODES

While the solidification mode can


vary from one weld to another it
can also vary within a single
weld from the fusion line to the
centerline
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

SOLIDIFICATION MODES
The ratio G/R
decreases from
the fusion line
toward the
centerline. This
suggests that the
solidification mode
may change from
planar to cellular, columnar dendritic, and
equiaxed dendritic across the fusion zone,
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

SOLIDIFICATION MODES
Planar-to-
cellular and
cellular-to-
dendritic
transitions in
1100 Al
welded
with 4047
filler.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

DENDRITE AND CELL SPACING

The spacing between dendrite


arms or cells, just as the
solidification mode, can also
vary across the fusion zone.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

DENDRITE AND CELL SPACING

the cooling rate (G x R) is higher at the


weld centerline and lower at the fusion
line. This suggests that the dendrite
arm spacing decreases from the
fusion line to the centerline because
the dendrite arm spacing decreases
with increasing cooling rate
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

DENDRITE AND CELL SPACING

the cooling time through the solidification


temperature range is shorter at the weld centerline
(2¯4/V) and longer at the fusion line (1¯3/V).
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

DENDRITE AND CELL SPACING

As such, the
cooling rate
through the solidification temperature range
increases and the dendrite arm spacing decreases
from the fusion line to the centerline.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

DENDRITE AND CELL SPACING

Transverse cross-section of gas–tungsten arc weld in


6061 aluminum:
(a) finer microstructure near centerline; (b) coarser
microstructure near fusion line.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF
WELDING PARAMETERS
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


1. Solidification Mode

The heat input and the welding


speed can affect the solidification
mode of the weld metal
significantly
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


1. Solidification Mode

The solidification mode changes


from planar to cellular and
dendritic as the ratio G/R
decreases
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


1. Solidification Mode
TABLE Effect of Welding Parameters on Weld Metal Microstructure
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


1. Solidification Mode
The higher the heat input (Q) under the
same welding speed (V), the lower the
temperature gradient G and hence the
lower the ratio G/R.
Therefore, at higher heat inputs G/R is
lower and dendritic solidification
prevails, while at lower heat inputs G/R
is higher and cellular solidification
prevails.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


2. Dendrite and Cell Spacing
The heat input and the welding
speed can also affect the spacing
between dendrite arms and cells.
The dendrite arm spacing or cell
spacing decreases with increasing
cooling rate
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


2. Dendrite and Cell Spacing
The cooling rate increases with
decreasing heat input–welding speed
ratio Q/V. This ratio also represents
the amount of heat per unit length of
the weld (J/cm or cal/cm). Therefore,
the dendrite arm spacing or cell
spacing can be expected to increase
with increasing Q/V or amount of heat
per unit length of the weld.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


2. Dendrite and Cell Spacing

Effect of heat
input per
unit length of
weld on
dendrite arm
spacing,

For Al–Mg–Mn alloy.


Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

EFFECT OF WELDING PARAMETERS


2. Dendrite and Cell Spacing

Effect of heat
input per
unit length of
weld on
dendrite arm
spacing,

For 2014 Al–Cu alloy.


Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING
MICROSTRUCTURE
WITHIN GRAINS
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


1. Arc Oscillation
The dendrite arm spacing was reduced
significantly by transverse arc oscillation at
low frequencies
OSCILLATION

TRANSVERSE
OSCILLATION
NO

Microstructures near fusion line of gas-tungsten


arc welds of 2014 aluminum:
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


1. Arc Oscillation
This reduction in
the dendrite arm
spacing has
contributed to the
significant
improvement in
both the strength
and ductility of the
weld
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


1. Arc Oscillation
when arc oscillation is
applied, the weld pool
gains a lateral velocity, v,
in addition to its original
velocity u in the welding
direction (16). The
magnitude of v can be
comparable with that of u
depending on the
amplitude and frequency
of arc oscillation.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


1. Arc Oscillation
The resultant velocity
of the weld pool, w, is
greater than that of
the un-oscillated weld
pool, u.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


1. Arc Oscillation
Furthermore, the
temperature gradient
ahead of the solid–
liquid interface, G,
could also be increased
due to the smaller
distance between the
heat source and the
pool boundary.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


1. Arc Oscillation
Consequently, the
product GR or the
cooling rate is increased
significantly by the
action of arc oscillation.
This explains why the
microstructure is finer in
the oscillated arc weld.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


1. Arc Oscillation
It is interesting to point out
that the microstructure in
oscillated arc welds is much
more uniform than that in NO OSCILLATION
welds without oscillation. In
oscillated arc welds the weld
centerline is no longer a
location where the cooling
rate (or GR) is clearly at its TRANSVERSE
OSCILLATION
maximum.
Weld Metal Solidification II: Microstructure within Grains

REFINING MICROSTRUCTURE WITHIN GRAINS


2. Arc Pulsation
In pulsed arc welds, the cell spacing varied
periodically along the weld, larger where
solidification took place during the high-
current portion of the cycle. Obviously, the
cooling rate was significantly lower during the
high-current portion of the cycle. This is
because, the cooling rate can be expected to
decrease with increasing heat Input.

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