PROTECTION OF BUS

BAR AND TRANSMISSION

LINES
BY,
T. VISHWARNI-18E161
V. YAZHINI-18E162
K. YUGENDRAN-18E163
N. ABISHEK-19E401
WHAT IS BUS BAR PROTECTION?

 Busbar protection - protect the busbar

from electrical fault
 Various feeders are connected to a busbar through
circuit breaker
 The main purpose is to increase reliability of power
system
 When a fault occurs at a section of a bus bar, all
the circuit equipments must be tripped out to give
complete isolation.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
 In recent days, the second zone distance protection relays on incoming feeder, with
operating time of 0.3 to 0.5 seconds is used.
 But it has a main disadvantage-cannot discriminate the faulty section of the busbar
 Differential busbar protection scheme with an operating time less than 0.1 sec is commonly
used.
 Involves, Kirchoff's current law. During normal conditions, total current entering into a bus
section is equal to total current leaving the bus section.
 When fault occurs, the fault current upsets the balance and produces a differential current
to operate a relay.
FAULT BUS PROTECTION
 Insulates the bus-supporting structure and its switchgear
from the ground, interconnecting all the framework, circuit
breakers tanks.
  Under normal operating condition, the relay remains
inoperative, but fault involving a connection between a
conductor and the ground supporting structure will result
in current flow to ground through the fault bus, causing
the relay to operate.
 The operation of the relay will trip all the breakers
connecting equipment to the bus.
 By directing the flow of earth-fault current,it is possible to
detect the faults and determine their location
PROTECTION OF LINES

 The probability of faults occurring is because of the greater

length and exposure to atmospheric conditions
 The common methods for protection of line are,
 Time graded over current protection
 Differential protection
 Distance protection.
 TIME GRADED
OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
 The time setting of the relay is graded so that in the event of
fault, the smallest possible part of the system is isolated.
 The different types of protection under time graded over
current current protection are,
 Radial feeder protection
 Parallel feeder protection
 Ring main system protection
RADIAL FEEDER PROTECTION

 In radial feeders, the power flow is unidirectional.

 The continuity of supply cannot be maintained at the
receiving end in the event of fault.
 Time-graded protection of a radial feeder can be achieved
by using
 definite time relays and
 inverse time relays.
DEFINITE TIME RELAYS

 The time of operation is independent of the fault current

magnitude.
 INVERSE TIME RELAYS
 Inverse time relays in which operating time is inversely
proportional to the operating current.
 The farther the circuit breaker from the generating station, the
shorter is its relay operating time.
PARALLEL FEEDER PROTECTION

 It is used to set continuity of supply.

 If a fault occurs on one feeder, it can be disconnected from
the system and continuity of supply can be maintained from
the other feeder.
 Non directional IDMT relays are employed at sending end
of each feeder.
 It is necessary to use directional relays also and to grade
the time setting of relays for selective tripping at the
receiving end of the feeders.
RING MAIN SYSTEM PROTECTION
 Various power stations or sub-stations are interconnected by
alternate routes, thus forming a closed ring.
 In case of damage to any section of the ring, that section may
be disconnected for repairs, and power will be supplied from
both ends of the ring.
DIFFERENTIAL PILOT-WIRE PROTECTION

 Based on the principle that under normal conditions, the current

entering one end of a line is equal to that leaving the other end.
 As soon as a fault occurs between the two ends, this condition no
longer holds, and the difference of incoming and outgoing currents is
arranged to flow through a relay which operates the circuit breaker to
isolate the faulty line.
 several differential protection schemes in use for the lines
1.Merz-Price voltage balance system
2.Translay scheme
 Merz-Price voltage balance system
 Identical current transformers are placed in each phase at both ends of the line.
The pair of CTs in each line is connected in series with a relay in such a way that
under normal conditions, their secondary voltages are equal and in opposition.
 Under healthy conditions, current entering the line at one-end is equal to that
leaving it at the other end. Therefore, equal and opposite voltages are induced in
the secondaries of the CTs at the two ends of the line.
 Suppose a fault occurs at point F on the line as shown in Fig. This will cause a
greater current to flow through CT1 than through CT2. Consequently, their
secondary voltages become unequal and circulating current flows through the pilot
wires and relays. The circuit breakers at both ends of the line will trip out and the
faulty line will be isolated
 Advantages

 This system is independent of operating voltage and fault power

factor.
 This system can be employed for protection of both, ring mains as
well as parallel feeders.
 This system provides instantaneous protection for ground faults, so
the possibility of these faults involving other phases is reduced.
 This system provides instantaneous relaying thereby reducing the
amount of damage to overhead conductors resulting from arcing
faults.
 Disadvantages

 Accurate matching of current transformers is very essential.

 If there is a break in the pilot-wire circuit, the system will not
operate.
 This system is very expensive owing to the greater length of pilot
wires required.
 In case of long lines, charging current due to pilot-wire capacitance*
effects may be sufficient to cause relay operation even under normal
conditions.
 This system cannot be used for line voltages beyond 33 kV because of
constructional difficulties in matching the current transformers.
SUMMATION TRANSFORMER
 A summation transformer is a device that reproduces the polyphase line
currents as a single-phase quantity.
 The three lines CTs are connected to the tapped primary of summation
transformer.
 Each line CT energizes a different number of turns (from line to neutral) with
a resulting single-phase output.
 The use of summation transformer permits two advantages viz (i) primary
windings 1 and 2 can be used for phase faults whereas winding 3 can be used
for earth fault (ii) the number of pilot wires required is only two.
TRANSLAY PROTECTION SYSTEM
 The relays used in the scheme are essentially overcurrent induction type
relays.
 Each relay has two electromagnetic elements. The upper element carries a
winding (11 or 11 a) which is energized as a summation transformer from the
secondaries of the line CTs connected in the phases of the line to be
protected.
 The upper element also carries a secondary winding (12 or 12 a) which is
connected is series with the operating winding (13 or 13 a) on the lower
magnet. The secondary windings 12, 12a and operating windings 13, 13a are
connected in series in such a way that voltages induced in them oppose each
other.
 In the event of a fault on the protected line, the line current at one end
must carry a greater current than that at the other end. The result is that
voltages induced in the secondary windings 12 and 12 a will be different, and
the current will flow through the operating coils 13, 13a and the pilot
circuit.
 Under these conditions, both upper and lower elements of each relay are
energized and a forward torque acts on each relay disc. The operation of the
relays will open the circuit breakers at both ends of the line.
 Advantages over Merz-Price system

 The capacitive currents do not affect the operation of the relays.

 Only two pilot wires are required.
 The current transformers of normal designs i.e., with air gap can be employed.
 The pilot resistance does not affect the operation as major part of energy
required to operate the relay is obtained from current transformer.
 The closed copper loop provided in the relay prevents the relay from operating
for through fault current.
DISTANCE PROTECTION
The action of relay depends upon the
distance or impedance between the point where
the relay is installed and the point of fault.
NEED
The former gives an unduly long time delay in
fault clearance at the generating station end when
there are more than four or five sections and the
pilot-wire system becomes too expensive owing to
the greater length of pilot wires required.
 APPLICATION
 PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES

• The relays at A, B and C are set to operate for impedance less than Z1, Z2 and Z3
respectively.
• Suppose a fault occurs between sub-stations B and C, the fault impedance at power
station and sub-station A and B will be Z1 + Z and Z respectively.
• It is clear that for the portion shown, only relay at B will operate.
• Similarly, if a fault occurs within section A B, then only relay at A will operate. In this
manner, instantaneous protection can be obtained for all conditions of operation.
ZONE
 In actual practice, it is not possible to obtain instantaneous
protection for complete length of the line due to
inaccuracies in the relay elements and instrument
transformers.
 Thus the relay at A would not be very reliable in
distinguishing between a fault at 99% of the distance A B
and the one at 101% of distance A B.
 This difficulty is overcome by using ‘three-zone’ distance
protection.
 Inthis scheme of protection, three distance elements are
used at each terminal.
 The zone 1 element covers first 90% of the line and is arranged to trip
instantaneously for faults in this portion.
 The zone 2 element trips for faults in the remaining 10% of the line and for
faults in the next line section, but a time delay is introduced to prevent the
line from being tripped if the fault is in the next section.
 The zone 3 element provides back-up protection in the event a fault in the
next section is not cleared by its breaker.
THANK YOU!